{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T13:59:52Z","timestamp":1780408792472,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Symmetry is an important visual feature for humans and its application in architecture is completely evident. This paper aims to investigate the role of symmetry in the aesthetics judgment of residential building fa\u00e7ades and study the pattern of eye movement based on the expertise of subjects in architecture. In order to implement this in the present paper, we have created images in two categories: symmetrical and asymmetrical fa\u00e7ade images. The experiment design allows us to investigate the preference of subjects and their reaction time to decide about presented images as well as record their eye movements. It was inferred that the aesthetic experience of a building fa\u00e7ade is influenced by the expertise of the subjects. There is a significant difference between experts and non-experts in all conditions, and symmetrical fa\u00e7ades are in line with the taste of non-expert subjects. Moreover, the patterns of fixational eye movements indicate that the horizontal or vertical symmetry (mirror symmetry) has a profound influence on the observer\u2019s attention, but there is a difference in the points watched and their fixation duration. Thus, although symmetry may attract the same attention during eye movements on fa\u00e7ade images, it does not necessarily lead to the same preference between the expert and non-expert groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12091438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T14:21:10Z","timestamp":1598970070000},"page":"1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Role of Symmetry in the Aesthetics of Residential Building Fa\u00e7ades Using Cognitive Science Methods"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hamidreza","family":"Azemati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4848-4396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Jam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5623-9932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modjtaba","family":"Ghorbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Dehmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Swiss Distance University of Applied Sciences, 3900 Brig, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Ebrahimpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Science Research Laboratory, Department of Computer Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdolhamid","family":"Ghanbaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture, School of Architecture and Urban Design, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Lavizan, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Emmert-Streib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Predictive Medicine and Analytics Lab., Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, 33720 Tampere, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40201","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40201","article-title":"Neural codes of seeing architectural styles","volume":"7","author":"Choo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jurgenhake, B. (2013, January 19\u201322). Signs and Symbols of the Domestic Fa\u00e7ade in the City: Changes, Confusion or Decline?. Presented at the ENHR 2013 Conference \u201cOvercoming the Crisis, Integrating the Urban Environment\u201d, Tarragona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1177\/001391659402600305","article-title":"Urban design aesthetics: The evaluative qualities of building exteriors","volume":"26","author":"Jack","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"106","article-title":"The usefulness of eye movement recordings to subject an aesthetic episode with visual art to empirical scrutiny","volume":"48","author":"Locher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massaro, D., Savazzi, F., Di Dio, C., Freedberg, D., Gallese, V., Gilli, G., and Marchetti, A. (2012). When art moves the eyes: A behavioral and eye-tracking study. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037285"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.01.003","article-title":"Viewing artworks: Contributions of cognitive control and perceptual facilitation to aesthetic experience","volume":"70","author":"Cupchik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1348\/0007126042369811","article-title":"A model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments","volume":"95","author":"Leder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2190\/GMV3-PPWN-LU41-NQVU","article-title":"A measure of the information content of visual art stimuli for studies in experimental aesthetics","volume":"13","author":"Locher","year":"1995","journal-title":"Empir. Stud. Arts"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2190\/D77M-3NU4-DQ88-H1QG","article-title":"The contribution of eye-movement research to an understanding of the nature of pictorial balance perception: A review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Locher","year":"1996","journal-title":"Empir. Stud. Arts"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.destud.2015.12.005","article-title":"Dimensions of creative evaluation: Distinct design and reasoning strategies for aesthetic, functional and originality judgments","volume":"45","author":"Christensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Des. Stud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12118","article-title":"When is perception top-down and when is it not? Culture, narrative, and attention","volume":"38","author":"Senzaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"50","article-title":"Experience of constituting residential fa\u00e7ade in district 17 of Tehran","volume":"6","author":"Zahedan","year":"2014","journal-title":"MANZAR J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huston, J.P., Nadal, M., Mora, F., Agnati, L.F., and Conde, C.J.C. (2015). Art, Aesthetics, and the Brain, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199670000.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01146","article-title":"Buildings, beauty, and the brain: A neuroscience of architectural experience","volume":"29","author":"Coburn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12084","article-title":"Ten years of a model of aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic judgments: The aesthetic episode\u2013Developments and challenges in empirical aesthetics","volume":"105","author":"Leder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10446","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1301227110","article-title":"Impact of contour on aesthetic judgments and approach-avoidance decisions in architecture","volume":"110","author":"Vartanian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2015.12.007","article-title":"Comparing saliency maps and eye-tracking focus maps: The potential use in visual impact assessment based on landscape photographs","volume":"148","author":"Dupont","year":"2016","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ajdari, M. (2016, January 14). Balance and Symmetry of Architectural Design-Principles of Aesthetics in Iranian Traditional Architecture. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Research in Engineering, Science and Technology, Istanbul, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Tsai, L.Y. (2010). Math 113 Finite Math with a Special Emphasis on Math and Art, University of Miami."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hann, M. (2013). Symbol Pattern & Symmetry, The Cultural Significance of Structure, Bloomsbury.","DOI":"10.5040\/9781474294119"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3390\/sym2020884","article-title":"Symmetry versus asymmetry in the molecules of life: Homomeric protein assemblies","volume":"2","year":"2010","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargittai, I. (1986). Symmetry in Archaeology. Symmetry: Unifying Human Understanding, Pergamon Press Ltd.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112485569-012"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Williams, K. (1998). Architecture and Mathematics: Art, Music and Science. Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science, Bridges Conference."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Salingaros, N.A. (2011). Why monotonous repetition is unsatisfying. Meand. Math., Available online: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1109.1461."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villarroel, J.D., and Merino, A.M. (2019). Symmetrical motifs in young children\u2019s drawings: A study on their representations of plant life. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11010026"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"15","article-title":"The science of art: A neurological theory of aesthetic experience","volume":"6","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Conscious. Stud."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Consumer choice bias due to number symmetry: Evidence from real estate prices","volume":"17","author":"Dobson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Res. Consum."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1163\/156856895X00098","article-title":"Detection of Visual Symmetries","volume":"9","author":"Wagemans","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spec. Vis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.108.3.233","article-title":"Human Facial Attractiveness and Sexual Selection: The Role of Symmetry and Averageness","volume":"108","author":"Grammer","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Comp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2020, June 18). Persian Tourism. Available online: http:\/\/www.persiantourismguide.com\/2015\/08\/29\/borujerdis-house\/#prettyPhoto."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2020, August 03). Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Available online: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facial_symmetry."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"52","article-title":"Symmetrical Freedom Quilts: The Ethno mathematics of Ways of Communication Liberation and Art","volume":"2","author":"Rosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. de Etnomatem\u00e1tica"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450590914464","article-title":"The face, beauty, and symmetry: Perceiving asymmetry in beautiful faces","volume":"115","author":"Zaidel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.3390\/sym2010136","article-title":"Asymmetry and symmetry in the beauty of human faces","volume":"2","author":"Zaidel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Symmetry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatterjee, A. (2014). The Aesthetic Brain: How We Evolved to Desire Beauty and Enjoy Art, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199811809.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ruggles, D.H. (2018). Beauty, Neuroscience, and Architecture: Timeless Patterns and Their Impact on Our Well-Being, Fibonacci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/0276237418777941","article-title":"Symmetry Is Not a Universal Law of Beauty","volume":"37","author":"Leder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Empir. Stud. Arts"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041669518761464","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669518761464","article-title":"Implicit and Explicit Evaluation of Visual Symmetry as a Function of Art Expertise","volume":"9","author":"Weichselbaum","year":"2018","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00507.x","article-title":"Regarding scenes","volume":"16","author":"Henderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.33.4.753","article-title":"Initial scene representations facilitate eye movement guidance in visual search","volume":"33","author":"Castelhano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-008-1569-4","article-title":"Cortical and cerebellar activation induced by reflexive and voluntary saccades","volume":"192","author":"Frens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/9.3.6","article-title":"Viewing task influences eye movement control during active scene perception","volume":"9","author":"Castelhano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Filin, A.V. (2002). Avtomatya Saccad [Automatism of Saccades], Moscow State University."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Zvyagina, N., Sokolova, L., Morozova, L., Lukina, S., and Cherkasova, A. (2014). Eye Tracking and Autonomic Nervous System Reactivity During Perception of Visual Environments of Different Comfort. Eur. Sci. J., 10."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"2012","article-title":"Implementation of Ria concept and Eye tracking system for cultural heritage","volume":"9","author":"Netek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opgeroepen op Sept."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Klingner, J.M. (2010). Measuring Cognitive Load during Visual Tasks by Combining Pupillometry and Eye Tracking. [Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebert, A., Veer, G., Domik, G., Gershon, N., and Scheler, I. (2013). Building Bridges: HCI, Visualization, and Non-Formal Modeling, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54894-9"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cad.2013.01.006","article-title":"Evaluating an eye tracking interface for a two-dimensional sketch editor","volume":"45","author":"Jowers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Des."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.06.006","article-title":"Eye tracking studies of normative and atypical development","volume":"27","author":"Karatekin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Holmqvist, K., Nystrm, M., Andersson, R., Dewhurst, R., Jarodzka, H., and Van de Weijer, J. (2011). Eye Tracking: A Comprehensive Guide to Methods and Measures, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-011-9174-7","article-title":"Expertise differences in the comprehension of visualizations: A meta-analysis of eye-tracking research in professional domains","volume":"23","author":"Gegenfurtner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(95)00014-T","article-title":"Evidence for a global scan path strategy in viewing abstract compared with realistic images","volume":"33","author":"Zangemeister","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"85","article-title":"A Nightscape Preference Study Using Eye Movement Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"ALAM CIPTA Int. J. Sustain. Trop. Des. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05319-w","article-title":"Saccade metrics reflect decision-making dynamics during urgent choices","volume":"9","author":"Seideman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53776-8.00003-9","article-title":"Contemporary experimental aesthetics: Procedures and findings","volume":"2","author":"Locher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Handb. Econ. Art Cult."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzinger, A. (2014). Biomedical Informatics: Discovering Knowledge in Big Data, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04528-3"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1177\/00139160021972487","article-title":"Decoding modern architecture: A lens model approach for understanding the aesthetic differences of architects and laypersons","volume":"32","author":"Gifford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"131","article-title":"Why architects and laypersons judge buildings differently: Cognitive properties and physical bases","volume":"19","author":"Gifford","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Archit. Plan. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"An assessment of Aesthetics in Conceptual Properties and its Relation to Complexity among Architects and Non-Architects in Residential Fa\u00e7ade Design in Iran","volume":"2","author":"Ilbeigi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Build. Sustain."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2018.1558393","article-title":"A comparison between preference judgments of curvature and sharpness in architectural fa\u00e7ades","volume":"62","author":"Ruta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/00038628.2016.1266597","article-title":"Affective response to architecture\u2013investigating human reaction to spaces with different geometry","volume":"60","author":"Shemesh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archit. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Martens, B., and Keu, A.G. (2005). Architrack: Evaluating architectural preferences via eyetracker. Designing Social Innovation: Planning, Building, Evaluating, Hogrefe Publishing."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Yousefi, M.V., Karan, E., Mohammadpour, A., and Asadi, S. (2015, January 22\u201325). Implementing eye tracking technology in the construction process. Proceedings of the 51st ASC Annual International Conference Proceedings, College Station, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3130\/jaabe.15.209","article-title":"A Study on the Comparison of the Visual Attention Characteristics on the Fa\u00e7ade Image of a Detached House Due to the Features on Windows","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"53","article-title":"Eye-tracking boston city hall to better understand human perception and the architectural experience","volume":"3","author":"Sussman","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Des. Ideas"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01152.2015","article-title":"Looking for symmetry: Fixational eye movements are biased by image mirror symmetry","volume":"116","author":"Meso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makin, A.D.J., Poliakoff, E., Rampone, G., and Bertamini, M. (2020). Spontaneous ocular scanning of visual symmetry is similar during classification and evaluation tasks. i-Perception.","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669520946356"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huston, J.P., Nadal, M., Mora, F., Agnati, L.F., and Cela-Conde, C.J. (2015). Aesthetic Appreciation: Convergence from Experimental Aesthetics and Physiology. Art, Aesthetics and the Brain, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199670000.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman, M.G., Hout, M.C., Kardan, O., Hunter, M.R., Yourganov, G., Henderson, J.M., and Jonides, J. (2014). The perception of naturalness correlates with low-level visual features of environmental scenes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114572"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"9","article-title":"Cronbach\u2019s Alpha: A Tool for Assessing the Reliability of Scales","volume":"37","author":"Santos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Ext."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2018.09.015","article-title":"Measuring visual quality of street space and its temporal variation: Methodology and its application in the Hutong area in Beijing","volume":"191","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"59","article-title":"Spatial Analysis of Prosperity Levels in Tehran Metropolis from the Perspective of Urban Economics","volume":"3","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"IUESA"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/0265813516660716","article-title":"What makes a landscape contemplative?","volume":"45","author":"Olszewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Plan. B Urban Anal. City Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunye, T.T., Carney, P.A., Allison, K.H., Shapiro, L.G., Weaver, D.L., and Elmore, J.G. (2014). Eye movements as an index of pathologist visual expertise: A pilot study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103447"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2013.08.003","article-title":"Birds of a feather. Generalization of facial structures following massive familiarization","volume":"144","author":"Tinio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.57.102904.190208","article-title":"The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty","volume":"57","author":"Rhodes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2011.539556","article-title":"Can science account for taste? Psychological insights into art appreciation","volume":"23","author":"Lindell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.02.037","article-title":"Construction and use of facial archetypes in anthropology and syndrome diagnosis","volume":"159","author":"Shaweesh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Salingaros, N., and Masden, K. (2008). Neuroscience, the natural environment, and building design. Biophilic Design: The Theory, Science and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3846\/20297955.2017.1376003","article-title":"Why we need to \u201cgrasp\u201d our surroundings: Object affordance and prehension in architecture","volume":"41","author":"Salingaros","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Archit. Urban."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Hollander, J.B., and Sussman, A. (2015). Cognitive Architecture, Routledge."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eberhard, J.P. (2009). Brain Landscape the Coexistence of Neuroscience and Architecture, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195331721.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"5","article-title":"Socio-cultural identity in the age of globalization","volume":"2","author":"Salingaros","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Des. Ideas"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2190\/EM.30.1.c","article-title":"Eye movements on fa\u00e7ades: The subjective perception of balance in architecture and its link to aesthetic judgment","volume":"30","author":"Hasse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Empir. Stud. Arts"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gartus, A., V\u00f6lker, M., and Leder, H. (2020). What Experts Appreciate in Patterns: Art Expertise Modulates Preference for Asymmetric and Face-Like Patterns. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12050707"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8100(03)00049-7","article-title":"Exploring \u2018\u2018fringe\u2019\u2019 consciousness: The subjective experience of perceptual fluency and its objective bases","volume":"13","author":"Reber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Conscious. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0804_3","article-title":"Processing fluency and aesthetic pleasure: Is beauty in the perceiver\u2019s processing experience?","volume":"8","author":"Reber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personal. Soc. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(79)90154-8","article-title":"The versatility and absolute efficiency of detecting mirror symmetry in random dot displays","volume":"19","author":"Barlow","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041669516637432","DOI":"10.1177\/2041669516637432","article-title":"A gaze-driven evolutionary algorithm to study aesthetic evaluation of visual symmetry","volume":"7","author":"Makin","year":"2016","journal-title":"i-Perception"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026924","article-title":"Implicit affective evaluation of visual symmetry","volume":"12","author":"Makin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emotion"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/9\/1438\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:05:19Z","timestamp":1760177119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/9\/1438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12091438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12091438","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}}}