{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T06:18:37Z","timestamp":1763705917662,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41702300","41502322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41702300","41502322"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005047","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41502272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41502272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005047","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and technology development project of Jilin Province, China","award":["20180520073JH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180520073JH"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We conducted a field test on Huitougou (HTG) Tunnel, which is a typical shallow-buried and unsymmetrically loaded tunnel. The on-site monitoring data indicated that the surrounding rock pressure and lining stress on both sides of the tunnel were indeed asymmetrical and that the pressure ratios (original unsymmetrical coefficient) of each corresponding monitoring point were different. According to the tunnel design principle, we proposed the unsymmetrical coefficient (UC) to characterize the asymmetrical degree of the tunnel, and verified and compared the UC of the field test and numerical simulation results. The effects of different factors on the UC such as the slope angle of the ground, the thickness of the overburden cover, the physical and mechanical properties of the surrounding rock, and the construction method were studied and analyzed. The research results reveal that the bias coefficient calculated by the numerical simulation was close to the monitoring results. The results of the factor analysis indicate that the slope angle, overburden thickness, and elastic modulus significantly affected the bias degree, while other factors had little effect. The concise and clear UC accurately described the unsymmetrical degree of any unsymmetrical-loaded tunnel and provided more accurate judgment regarding the safety of the tunnel design phase and construction phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T23:06:12Z","timestamp":1604012772000},"page":"1793","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Unsymmetrical Coefficient of Unsymmetrical-Loaded Tunnel Based on Field Monitoring and Numerical Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4500-5231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Shulin","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Xiangjian","family":"Rui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Construction Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12073","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/711\/1\/012073","article-title":"Study on the Outburst Scheme of a Shallow Buried Bias Tunnel in Yunnan","volume":"711","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. 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