{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T06:13:53Z","timestamp":1772950433303,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61772358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61772358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62076177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62076177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Project","award":["6202780085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6202780085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, a series of social problems caused by cardiovascular diseases are becoming increasingly serious. Accurate and efficient classification of arrhythmias according to an electrocardiogram is of positive significance for improving the health status of people all over the world. In this paper, a new neural network structure based on the most common 12-lead electrocardiograms was proposed to realize the classification of nine arrhythmias, which consists of Inception and GRU (Gated Recurrent Units) primarily. Moreover, a new attention mechanism is added to the model, which makes sense for data symmetry. The average F1 score obtained from three different test sets was over 0.886 and the highest was 0.919. The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity obtained from the PhysioNet public database were 0.928, 0.901, and 0.984, respectively. As a whole, this deep neural network performed well in the multi-label classification of 12-lead ECG signals and showed better stability than other methods in the case of more test samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:37Z","timestamp":1604534437000},"page":"1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Automatic Classification System of Arrhythmias Using 12-Lead ECGs with a Deep Neural Network Based on an Attention Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-7684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Data Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Technology Research Center of Spatial Information Network Engineering of Shanxi, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jumin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Research Center of Spatial Information Network Engineering of Shanxi, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Data Science, Taiyuan University of Technology, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022700","article-title":"Use of the electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"348","author":"Zimetbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. 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