{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T18:00:20Z","timestamp":1772906420726,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012825","name":"International Visegrad Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21920298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21920298"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3180032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3180032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RFMEFI59317X0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFMEFI59317X0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000930","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PHY-2010109"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PHY-2010109"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000930","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"DOE EPSCOR","award":["DE-SC0019474"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0019474"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0016368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0016368"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006109","name":"Vedeck\u00e1 Grantov\u00e1 Agent\u00fara M\u0160VVa\u0160 SR a SAV","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1\/0778\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1\/0778\/18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006109","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Junta de Extremadura - Fondo Social Europeo","award":["GR18097"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR18097"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory (CREDO) is a newly formed, global collaboration dedicated to observing and studying cosmic rays (CR) and cosmic-ray ensembles (CRE): groups of at least two CR with a common primary interaction vertex or the same parent particle. The CREDO program embraces testing known CR and CRE scenarios, and preparing to observe unexpected physics, it is also suitable for multi-messenger and multi-mission applications. Perfectly matched to CREDO capabilities, CRE could be formed both within classical models (e.g., as products of photon\u2013photon interactions), and exotic scenarios (e.g., as results of decay of Super-Heavy Dark Matter particles). Their fronts might be significantly extended in space and time, and they might include cosmic rays of energies spanning the whole cosmic-ray energy spectrum, with a footprint composed of at least two extensive air showers with correlated arrival directions and arrival times. As the CRE are predominantly expected to be spread over large areas and, due to the expected wide energy range of the contributing particles, such a CRE detection might only be feasible when using all available cosmic-ray infrastructure collectively, i.e., as a globally extended network of detectors. Thus, with this review article, the CREDO Collaboration invites the astroparticle physics community to actively join or to contribute to the research dedicated to CRE and, in particular, to pool together cosmic-ray data to support specific CRE detection strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T19:38:41Z","timestamp":1604605121000},"page":"1835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1956-9948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Homola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4828-8659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Beznosko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Physics, Clayton State University, Morrow, GA 30260, USA"}]},{"given":"Gopal","family":"Bhatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, 30-244 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bibrzycki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Michalina","family":"Borczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0272-8236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Bratek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, PL-30084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Nikolay","family":"Budnev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irkutsk State University, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia"}]},{"given":"Dariusz","family":"Burakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astroparticle Physics Amateur, 30-322 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1874-8116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Alvarez-Castillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie street 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Almeida Cheminant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Aleksander","family":"\u0106wik\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Punsiri","family":"Dam-o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Walailak University, Thasala 80160, Thailand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6731-0092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niraj","family":"Dhital","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, St. Xavier\u2019s College, Maitighar, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9636-1809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan R.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"G\u0142ownia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, PL-30084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gorzkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4853-5974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"G\u00f3ra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9331-4388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alok C.","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aryabhatta Research Institue of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, India"}]},{"given":"Zuzana","family":"Hl\u00e1vkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6384-9771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Homola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynsk\u00e1 Dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Ja\u0142ocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, PL-30084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2415-5643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Karbowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 149\/153 Pomorska, 90-236 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7718-2725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Kasztelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja So\u0142tana 7, 05-400 Otwock-\u015awierk, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2213-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Kierepko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Knap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astroparticle Physics Amateur, 58-170 Dobromierz, Poland"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Konkoly-Thege Mikl\u00f3s \u00fat 29-33, 1121 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Kuli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Cracow University of Technology, PL-30084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3977-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"\u0141ozowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Bankowa 9, 40-007 Katowice, Poland"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Magry\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACC Cyfronet AGH-UST, 30-950 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Mikhail V.","family":"Medvedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"M\u0119drala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9430-1386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy W.","family":"Mietelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7226-1750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Miszczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Alona","family":"Mozgova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 04053 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1457-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Napolitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Napoli \u201cParthenope\u201d, 80143 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Vahab","family":"Nazari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie street 6, 141980 Dubna, Russia"}]},{"given":"Y. Jack","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2830-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Nied\u017awiecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADVACAM, 12, 17000 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"University of Bucharest, 077125 Bucharest, Romania"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Ogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astroparticle Physics Amateur, 86-170 Nowe, Poland"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Opi\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Oziomek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACC Cyfronet AGH-UST, 30-950 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACC Cyfronet AGH-UST, 30-950 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"},{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3699-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Piekarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, Pedagogical University of Krakow, 30-084 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Poncyljusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5033-9334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Pryga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5173-881X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Rosas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Secondary Education, Highschool No. 65, 12000 Montevideo, Uruguay"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-2344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Rzecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5030-7516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jilberto","family":"Zamora-Saa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Piso 7, Sazie 2212, Santiago, Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7291-6136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Smelcerz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Telecommunications, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Smolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Czech Technical University in Prague, Husova 240\/5, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Stasielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5490-0835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Stuglik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Sulma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Publiczna Szko\u0142a Podstawowa im. \u015aw. Jadwigi Kr\u00f3lowej w Rzezawie, 32-765 Rzezawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7848-4207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Sushchov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6103-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manana","family":"Svanidze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics under Tbilisi State University, 0177 Tbilisi, Georgia"}]},{"given":"Kyle M.","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Waterloo Rocketry, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-5487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arman","family":"Tursunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Institute of Physics, Silesian University in Opava, Bezru\u010dovo n\u00e1m. 13, CZ-74601 Opava, Czech Republic"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Vaquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Extremadura, 06800 M\u00e9rida, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2078-0580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadeusz","family":"Wibig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physics and Applied Informatics, University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, 149\/153 Pomorska, 90-236 \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1171-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof W.","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"289","article-title":"(CREDO Collab.). Search for Extensive Photon Cascades with the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory","volume":"1","author":"Homola","year":"2018","journal-title":"CERN Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3ra, D., Almeida Cheminant, K., Alvarez-Castillo, D.E., Bratek, \u0141., Dhital, N., Duffy, A.R., Homola, P., Jagoda, P., Ja\u0142ocha, J., and Kasztelan, M. (2018). (CREDO Collab.). Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory: Status and perspectives. Universe, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/universe4110111"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"34","article-title":"(CREDO Collab). Public engagement as a scientific tool to implement multi-messenger strategies with the Cosmic-Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory","volume":"Asterics2019","author":"Homola","year":"2020","journal-title":"PoS"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P04019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/11\/04\/P04019","article-title":"Measurement of cosmic-ray muons with the Distributed Electronic Cosmic-ray Observatory, a network of smartphones","volume":"11","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2016.02.002","article-title":"Searching for ultra-high energy cosmic rays with smartphones","volume":"79","author":"Whiteson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). CREDO Detector Mobile App. Available online: https:\/\/credo.science\/credo-detector-mobile-app\/."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bibrzycki, L., Burakowski, D., Homola, P., Piekarczyk, M., Nied\u017awiecki, M., Rzecki, K., Stuglik, S., Tursunov, A., Hnatyk, B., and Alvarez-Castillo, D.E. (2020). (CREDO Collab.). Towards a global cosmic ray sensor network: CREDO Detector as the first open source mobile application enabling detection of penetrating radiation. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111802"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"367","article-title":"(CREDO Collab). Recognition and classification of the cosmic-ray events in images captured by CMOS\/CCD cameras","volume":"ICRC2019","author":"Niedzwiecki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Cosmic Ray App. Available online: https:\/\/cosmicrayapp.com\/."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P03019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/13\/03\/P03019","article-title":"The CosmicWatch Desktop Muon Detector: A self-contained, pocket sized particle detector","volume":"13","author":"Axani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"T01.73","article-title":"An inexpensive networked cosmic-ray detector","volume":"2018","author":"Schaub","year":"2018","journal-title":"APS"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Cosmic Pi|The Cosmic Ray Detector on Your Desktop. Available online: http:\/\/cosmicpi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2818548","article-title":"The HiSPARC project: Science, technology and education","volume":"944","author":"Colle","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fokkema, D. (2012). The Hisparc Cosmic Ray Experiment: Data Acquisition and Reconstruction of Shower Direction. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Twente]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bardeen, M., Wayne, M., and Young, M.J. (2018). QuarkNet: A Unique and Transformative Physics Education Program. Educ. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci8010017"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1134\/S1547477112060167","article-title":"Search for correlations between the solar-flare disturbances of the earth\u2019s magnetosphere and a flux of cosmic rays detected by the RUSALKA setup","volume":"9","author":"Bychkov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smolek, K., Cermak, J., Lichard, P., Nyklicek, M., Pospisil, S., Pridal, P., Smejkal, J., Stekl, I., Vicha, V., and Vojik, M. (2008, January 19\u201325). Measurement of High Energy Cosmic Rays in the Experiment CZELTA. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/NSSMIC.2008.4774529"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Pierre Auger Collaboration (2015). The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 798, 172\u2013213."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"08002","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201920808002","article-title":"Telescope array experiment","volume":"208","author":"Ogio","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPJ Web of Conferences"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-015-9482-x","article-title":"(JEM-EUSO Collab). The JEM-EUSO mission: An introduction","volume":"40","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Astron."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10686-014-9418-x","article-title":"(JEM-EUSO Collab). The JEM-EUSO instrument","volume":"40","author":"Adams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Astron"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2012.01.026","article-title":"The HAWC observatory","volume":"692","author":"DeYoung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2005.08.085","article-title":"The MAGIC gamma-ray observatory","volume":"553","author":"Ferenc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2005.08.056","article-title":"The H.E.S.S. experimental project","volume":"553","author":"Vasileiadis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newar.2003.12.050","article-title":"VERITAS: The Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System","volume":"48","author":"Krennrich","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Astron. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"771","article-title":"Performance of the VERITAS experiment","volume":"ICRC2015","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"PoS"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P03012","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/03\/P03012","article-title":"(IceCube Collab.). The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: Instrumentation and online systems","volume":"12","author":"Aartsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JINST"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05003","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201612105003","article-title":"(Baikal-GVD Collab.). Status and perspectives of the BAIKAL-GVD project","volume":"121","author":"Avrorin","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2011.06.103","article-title":"(ANTARES Collab.). ANTARES: The first undersea neutrino telescope","volume":"656","author":"Ageron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"90","article-title":"Status Of The European Southern Observatory New Technology Telescope Project. Advanced Technology Optical Telescopes I","volume":"0332","author":"Franza","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Opt. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"157","article-title":"On the disintegration of cosmic ray nuclei by solar photons","volume":"11","author":"Gerasimova","year":"1960","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. JETP"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/31\/5\/011","article-title":"Search for correlated high energy cosmic ray events with CHICOS","volume":"31","author":"Carlson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Posp\u0131\u0161il, S., Pridal, P., Smejkal, J., Soluk, R., \u0160tekl, I., and V\u0131cha, V. (2009, January 7\u201315). ALTA\/CZELTA-a sparse very large air shower array: Overview of the experiment and first results. Proceedings of the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, \u00f3d\u017a, Poland."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"84","article-title":"First results obtained by the GELATICA Network of the Cosmic Rays Stations in Georgia","volume":"1","author":"Svanidze","year":"2011","journal-title":"GESJ Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082001","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/718\/8\/082001","article-title":"EEE - Extreme Energy Events: An astroparticle physics experiment in Italian High Schools","volume":"718","author":"Abbrescia","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ochi, N., Iyono, A., Konishi, T., Nakamura, T., Nakatsuka, T., Ohara, S., Ohmori, N., Okei, K., Saitoh, K., and Tada, J. (August, January 31). The status and future prospect of the LAAS project. Proceedings of the 28th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Tsukuba, Japan."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012079","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1181\/1\/012079","article-title":"Multiple Linsley method for EAS energy determination in LAAS","volume":"1181","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"CREDO Collaboration (2020, November 03). Hunters of Cosmic Ray Particles Come Together in CREDO. Available online: https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/pub_releases\/2019-09\/thni-hoc091119.php."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L87","DOI":"10.1086\/341505","article-title":"Photon Splitting in the Superstrong Magnetic Fields of Pulsars","volume":"572","author":"Usov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"111","article-title":"Photon splitting in gamma-ray pulsars","volume":"120","author":"Harding","year":"1996","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217732307022864","article-title":"Search for ultrahigh energy photons using air showers","volume":"22","author":"Risse","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/S0375-9601(03)00377-3","article-title":"Fluxes of cosmic rays: A delicately balanced stationary state","volume":"310","author":"Tsallis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.16.748","article-title":"End to the cosmic ray spectrum?","volume":"16","author":"Greisen","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"78","article-title":"Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays","volume":"4","author":"Zatsepin","year":"1966","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/31\/3\/005","article-title":"At what particle energy do extragalactic cosmic rays start to predominate?","volume":"31","author":"Wibig","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"234","article-title":"The energy spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory and at the Telescope Array","volume":"ICRC2019","author":"Deligny","year":"2020","journal-title":"PoS"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.100.101101","article-title":"(HiRes Collab.). First observation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin suppression","volume":"100","author":"Abbasi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21","DOI":"10.1088\/2041-8205\/790\/2\/L21","article-title":"Indications of intermediate-scale anisotropy of cosmic rays with energy greater than 57 EeV in the northern sky measured with the surface detector of the Telescope Array experiment","volume":"790","author":"Abbasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.101.061101","article-title":"(Pierre Auger Collab.). Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4 \u00d7 1019eV","volume":"101","author":"Abraham","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Valino, I., and for the Pierre Auger Collaboration (August, January 30). The flux of ultra-high energy cosmic rays after ten years of operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Proceedings of the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference PoS(ICRC2015), The Hague, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.10.146","article-title":"Evidence for a primary cosmic-ray particle with energy 1020 eV","volume":"10","author":"Linsley","year":"1963","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L71","DOI":"10.1086\/183201","article-title":"The energy spectrum and arrival direction distribution of cosmic rays with energies above 10 to the 19th electrovolts","volume":"236","author":"Cunningham","year":"1980","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-5632(91)90011-3","article-title":"The highest energy cosmic rays","volume":"22","author":"Watson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1088\/0954-3899\/17\/5\/019","article-title":"The cosmic ray energy spectrum above 4 \u00d7 1017eV as measured by the Haverah Park array","volume":"17","author":"Lawrence","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Phys. G Nucl. Part. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Afanasiev, B.N., Dyakonov, M.N., Egorov, T.A., Egorova, V.P., Efremov, N.N., Grigoryev, V.M., Glushkov, A.V., Ivanov, A.A., Knurenko, S.P., and Kolosov, V.A. (September, January 28). The Primary Spectrum of Cosmic Rays of Energy above 1018 eV by the Yakutsk EAS Array Data. Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1291490","article-title":"The highest energy cosmic rays observed by AGASA","volume":"516","author":"Teshima","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1086\/175344","article-title":"Detection of a Cosmic Ray with Measured Energy Well beyond the Expected Spectral Cutoff due to Cosmic Microwave Radiation","volume":"441","author":"Bird","year":"1995","journal-title":"Astrophys. J. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121106","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.121106","article-title":"(Pierre Auger Collab.). Features of the Energy Spectrum of Cosmic Rays above 2.5\u00d71018eV Using the Pierre Auger Observatory","volume":"125","author":"Aab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2010.08.010","article-title":"(Pierre Auger Collab.). Update on the Correlation of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic matter","volume":"34","author":"Abreu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/804\/1\/15","article-title":"(Pierre Auger Collab.). Searches for Anisotropies in the Arrival Directions of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays Detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory","volume":"804","author":"Aab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.102.062005","article-title":"(Pierre Auger Collab.). Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above 2.5\u00d71018 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory","volume":"102","author":"Aab","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.21.1016","article-title":"Effect of photomeson production by the universal radiation field on high-energy cosmic rays","volume":"21","author":"Stecker","year":"1968","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4338","article-title":"(Pierre Auger Collab.). Observation of a Large-scale Anisotropy in the Arrival Directions of Cosmic Rays above 8\u00d71018 eV","volume":"357","author":"Aab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3103\/S0027134917020138","article-title":"The current status of research in ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray physics: A brief review","volume":"72","author":"Zotov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mosc. Univ. Phys. Bull."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"12A103","article-title":"Measurement of Energy Spectrum of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays","volume":"2017","author":"Verzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PTEP"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217732301005990","article-title":"Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. Propagation in the galaxy and anisotropy","volume":"16","author":"Kalashev","year":"2001","journal-title":"MPLA"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"007","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2012\/10\/007","article-title":"SimProp: A Simulation Code for Ultra High Energy Cosmic Ray Propagation","volume":"10","author":"Aloisio","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.49.234","article-title":"Resonant Absorption of Cosmic Ray Neutrinos by the Relic Neutrino Background","volume":"49","author":"Weiler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1086\/162524","article-title":"Big Bang Cosmology, Relic Neutrinos, and Absorption of Neutrino Cosmic Rays","volume":"285","author":"Weiler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2015\/10\/006","article-title":"Cosmogenic neutrinos and ultra-high energy cosmic ray models","volume":"1510","author":"Aloisio","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.63.055001","article-title":"Cosmic neutrinos and new physics beyond the electroweak scale","volume":"63","author":"Tyler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.82.1366","article-title":"Strongly interacting neutrinos and the highest energy cosmic rays","volume":"82","author":"Domokos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-2693(97)00638-2","article-title":"Cosmic ray and neutrino tests of special relativity","volume":"405","author":"Coleman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-1573(99)00101-5","article-title":"Origin and propagation of extremely high-energy cosmic rays","volume":"327","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rept."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2011.04.002","article-title":"Cosmic Rays and the Search for a Lorentz Invariance Violation","volume":"505","author":"Bietenholz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rept."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2009.01.002","article-title":"Lorentz Invariance Violation and the Observed Spectrum of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays","volume":"31","author":"Scully","year":"2009","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103006","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.86.103006","article-title":"Implications of ultra-high energy neutrino flux constraints for Lorentz-invariance violating cosmogenic neutrinos","volume":"86","author":"Gorham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123011","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.89.123011","article-title":"Prospective constraints on Lorentz violation from ultrahigh-energy photon detection","volume":"89","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062901","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/77\/6\/062901","article-title":"What Do We Know About Lorentz Invariance?","volume":"77","author":"Tasson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rept. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"049","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2017\/05\/049","article-title":"Constraints on violation of Lorentz invariance from atmospheric showers initiated by multi-TeV photons","volume":"1705","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650220","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217732316502205","article-title":"A test of local Lorentz invariance with Compton scattering asymmetry","volume":"A31","author":"Mohanmurthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"085026","article-title":"New two-sided bound on the isotropic Lorentz-violating parameter of modified-Maxwell theory","volume":"D78","author":"Klinkhamer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103016","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.99.103016","article-title":"Hunting for superheavy dark matter with the highest-energy cosmic rays","volume":"99","author":"Alcantara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2008.02.005","article-title":"Super Heavy Dark Matter and UHECR Anisotropy at Low Energy","volume":"29","author":"Aloisio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"036","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2019\/11\/036","article-title":"Ultra high energy cosmic rays from super-heavy dark matter in the context of large exposure observatories","volume":"11","author":"Supanitsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1147532","article-title":"A Bright Millisecond Radio Burst of Extragalactic Origin","volume":"318","author":"Lorimer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:200810108","article-title":"Ultra-high energy cosmic rays detected by the Pierre Auger observatory. First direct evidence, and its implications, that a subset originate in nearby radiogalaxies","volume":"488","author":"Nagar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moskalenko, I.V., Porter, T.A., Malkov, M.A., and Diamond, P.H. (2007, January 3\u201311). Hadronic Gamma Rays from Supernova Remnants. Proceedings of the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Merida, Mexico.","DOI":"10.2172\/908759"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/749\/1\/63","article-title":"Blazars as Ultra-high-energy Cosmic-ray Sources: Implications for TeV Gamma-Ray Observations","volume":"749","author":"Murase","year":"2012","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/aaa7ee","article-title":"Neutrinos and Ultra-high-energy Cosmic-ray Nuclei from Blazars","volume":"854","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.66.123003","article-title":"Which blazars are neutrino loud?","volume":"66","author":"Neronov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IceCube Collaboration (2018). Neutrino emission from the direction of the blazar TXS 0506+056 prior to the IceCube-170922A alert. Science, 361, 147\u2013151.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat2890"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.7.949","article-title":"Extraction of Energy and charge from a Black Hole","volume":"7","author":"Bekenstein","year":"1973","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"252","article-title":"Gravitational collapse: The role of general relativity","volume":"1","author":"Penrose","year":"1969","journal-title":"Nuovo C. Riv. Ser."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/179.3.433","article-title":"Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes","volume":"179","author":"Blandford","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1086\/162952","article-title":"Revival of the Penrose process for astrophysical applications","volume":"290","author":"Wagh","year":"1985","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1086\/164390","article-title":"High Efficiency of the Penrose Process of Energy Extraction from Rotating Black Holes Immersed in Electromagnetic Fields","volume":"307","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L89","DOI":"10.1093\/mnrasl\/sly073","article-title":"The distinguishing signature of magnetic Penrose process","volume":"478","author":"Dadhich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tursunov, A., and Dadhich, N. (2019). Fifty Years of Energy Extraction from Rotating Black Hole: Revisiting Magnetic Penrose Process. Universe, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/universe5050125"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab8ae9","article-title":"Supermassive Black Holes as Possible Sources of Ultrahigh-energy Cosmic Rays","volume":"895","author":"Tursunov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.10.1680","article-title":"Black hole in a uniform magnetic field","volume":"10","author":"Wald","year":"1974","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/sty2182","article-title":"On the charge of the Galactic centre black hole","volume":"480","author":"Zajacek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuchl\u00edk, Z., Kolo\u0161, M., Kov\u00e1\u0159, J., Slan\u00fd, P., and Tursunov, A. (2020). Influence of Cosmic Repulsion and Magnetic Fields on Accretion Disks Rotating around Kerr Black Holes. Universe, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/universe6020026"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A47","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201527951","article-title":"A Highly Magnetized Twin-Jet Base Pinpoints a Supermassive Black Hole","volume":"593","author":"Baczko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A52","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201117779","article-title":"Millimeter to X-ray flares from Sagittarius A*","volume":"537","author":"Eckart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224768","article-title":"Jet-Launching Structure Resolved Near the Supermassive Black Hole in M87","volume":"338","author":"Doeleman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/803\/1\/30","article-title":"Magnetization Degree at the Jet Base of M87 Derived from the Event Horizon Telescope 52 Data: Testing the Magnetically Driven Jet Paradigm","volume":"803","author":"Kino","year":"2015","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab35e6","article-title":"Black Hole Spin and Accretion Disk Magnetic Field Strength Estimates for More Than 750 Active Galactic Nuclei and Multiple Galactic Black Holes","volume":"886","author":"Daly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staa1268","article-title":"Determination of magnetic field strength on the event horizon of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei","volume":"495","author":"Piotrovich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.38.1440","article-title":"CP Conservation in the Presence of Instantons","volume":"38","author":"Peccei","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.16.1791","article-title":"Constraints Imposed by CP Conservation in the Presence of Instantons","volume":"16","author":"Peccei","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73518-2_7","article-title":"Photon-axion conversion in intergalactic magnetic fields and cosmological consequences","volume":"741","author":"Mirizzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Phys."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2003\/05\/005","article-title":"Super GZK photons from photon axion mixing","volume":"0305","author":"Csaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"JCAP"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.64.096005","article-title":"Axionlike Particles As Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays?","volume":"64","author":"Gorbunov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Beringer, J., Arguin, J.F., Barnett, R.M., Copic, K., Dahl, O., Groom, D.E., Lin, C.J., Lys, J., Murayama, H., and Wohl, C.G. (2012). Review of Particle Physics (RPP). Phys. Rev. D, D86."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2012\/02\/032","article-title":"Cosmological bounds on pseudo Nambu-Goldstone bosons","volume":"1202","author":"Cadamuro","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.51.1415","article-title":"Experimental Tests of the Invisible Axion","volume":"51","author":"Sikivie","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.152.1295","article-title":"Photonic Decay Rates and Nuclear-Coulomb-Field Coherent Production Processes","volume":"152","author":"Halprin","year":"1966","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(86)90869-5","article-title":"Effects of Nearly Massless, Spin Zero Particles on Light Propagation in a Magnetic Field","volume":"175","author":"Maiani","year":"1986","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"125019","article-title":"Photon-axion mixing and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from BL Lac type objects - Shining light through the Universe","volume":"D84","author":"Fairbairn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.59.023501","article-title":"Superheavy dark matter","volume":"59","author":"Chung","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"063009","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.73.063009","article-title":"Upper limit on the ultrahigh-energy photon flux from AGASA and Yakutsk data","volume":"73","author":"Rubtsov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"108","article-title":"Photons in the science of the Pierre Auger Observatory","volume":"69","author":"Petrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frascati Phys. Ser."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I.F.M., Albury, J.M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Mu\u00f1iz, J., and Anastasi, G.A. (2019). (Pierre Auger Collab.). The Pierre Auger Observatory: Contributions to the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2019). arXiv."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.88.112005","article-title":"(Telescope Array Collab.). Upper limit on the flux of photons with energies above 1019eV using the Telescope Array surface detector","volume":"88","author":"Aida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/0550-3213(74)90486-6","article-title":"Magnetic monopoles in unified gauge theories","volume":"79","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"194","article-title":"Particle spectrum in quantum field theory","volume":"20","author":"Polyakov","year":"1974","journal-title":"Sov. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"058","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2017\/06\/058","article-title":"Plasma constraints on the cosmological abundance of magnetic monopoles and the origin of cosmic magnetic fields","volume":"2017","author":"Medvedev","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103540","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.96.103540","article-title":"Superheavy dark matter through Higgs portal operators","volume":"96","author":"Kolb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.101302","article-title":"Planckian Interacting Massive Particles as Dark Matter","volume":"116","author":"Garny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"027","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2018\/02\/027","article-title":"Theory and phenomenology of Planckian interacting massive particles as dark matter","volume":"2018","author":"Garny","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2019\/01\/021","article-title":"Charged planckian interacting dark matter","volume":"2019","author":"Garny","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045401","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.67.045401","article-title":"Constraint on electromagnetic acceleration of highest energy cosmic rays","volume":"67","author":"Medvedev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.aa.22.090184.002233","article-title":"The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays","volume":"22","author":"Hillas","year":"1984","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Astron. Astr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ab97ab","article-title":"Oscillating Strange Quark Matter Objects Excited in Stellar Systems","volume":"897","author":"Kutschera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astrophys. J."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/asna.201913752","article-title":"Accretion-induced collapse to third family compact stars as trigger for eccentric orbits of millisecond pulsars in binaries","volume":"340","author":"Antoniadis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astron. Nachr."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A40","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201425318","article-title":"A new quark-hadron hybrid equation of state for astrophysics - I. High-mass twin compact stars","volume":"577","author":"Benic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Astron. Astrophys."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045809","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.96.045809","article-title":"High-mass twin stars with a multipolytrope equation of state","volume":"96","author":"Blaschke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blaschke, D., Alvarez-Castillo, D.E., Ayriyan, A., Grigorian, H., Largani, N.K., and Fridolin, W. (2020). Astrophysical aspects of general relativistic mass twin stars. Astrophysical Aspects of General Relativistic Mass Twin Stars, World Scientific Publishing.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789813277342_0007"},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Alvarez-Castillo, D., Bejger, M., Blaschke, D., Haensel, P., and Zdunik, L. (2015). Energy bursts from deconfinement in high-mass twin stars. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2018.10.007","article-title":"Binary neutron star merger remnants as sources of cosmic rays below the \u201cAnkle\u201d","volume":"106","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.51.2341","article-title":"Observation of a burst of cosmic rays at energies above 7\u00d7 10 13 ev","volume":"51","author":"Fegan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.50.2110","article-title":"Possible Observation of a Burst of Cosmic-Ray Events in the Form of Extensive Air Showers","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217732303010934","article-title":"Selected topics in Planck-scale physics","volume":"18","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mod. Phys. Lett. A"},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Carlip, S. (2015). Can gravitational microlensing by vacuum fluctuations be observed?. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.123.131302","article-title":"Hiding the Cosmological Constant","volume":"123","author":"Carlip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023537","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.102.023537","article-title":"Vacuum fluctuation, micro-cyclic universes, and the cosmological constant problem","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, Y.J. (2019). Entropy and Gravitation\u2014From Black Hole Computers to Dark Energy and Dark Matter. Entropy, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/e21111035"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.38.626","article-title":"High-Energy Electromagnetic Conversion Processes in Intense Magnetic Fields","volume":"38","author":"Erber","year":"1966","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.24.2536","article-title":"Interactions of high-energy (E> 5\u00d7 10 19 eV) photons in the earth\u2019s magnetic field","volume":"24","author":"McBreen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D Part. Fields"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2005.07.001","article-title":"Simulation of ultra-high energy photon propagation in the geomagnetic field","volume":"173","author":"Homola","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhital, N., Homola, P., Gora, D., Wilczy\u0144ski, H., Almeida Cheminant, K., Bhatta, G., Bretz, T., Alvarez Castillo, D.E., \u0106wik\u0142a, A., and Duffy, A.R. (2018). (CREDO Collab). Cosmic ray ensembles as signatures of ultra-high energy photons interacting with the solar magnetic field. arXiv.","DOI":"10.22323\/1.358.0239"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2020.102489","article-title":"(CREDO Collab.). Search for ultra-high energy photons through preshower effect with gamma-ray telescopes: Study of CTA-North efficiency","volume":"123","author":"Dhital","year":"2020","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MAGIC Collaboration (2019). Teraelectronvolt emission from the \u03b3-ray burst GRB 190114C. Nature, 575, 455\u2013458.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1750-x"},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"IceCube Collaboration, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, AGILE, ASAS-SN, HAWC, H.E.S.S., INTEGRAL, Kanata, and Kiso (2018). Multimessenger observations of a flaring blazar coincident with high-energy neutrino IceCube-170922A. Science, 361."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2013.01.015","article-title":"Simulation of ultra-high energy photon propagation with PRESHOWER 2.0","volume":"184","author":"Homola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Bednarek, W. (1999). Cascades initiated by EHE photons in the magnetic field of the Earth and the Sun. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"038","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2016\/05\/038","article-title":"CRPropa 3\u2014a public astrophysical simulation framework for propagating extraterrestrial ultra-high energy particles","volume":"2016","author":"Batista","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. P."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beisembaev, R., Beznosko, D., Beisembaeva, E., Dalkarov, O., Mossunov, V., Ryabov, V., Shaulov, S., Vildanova, M., Zhukov, V., and Baigarin, K. (August, January 24). Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of EAS with Delayed Particles. Proceedings of the 36th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC2019), Madison, WI, USA.","DOI":"10.22323\/1.358.0195"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"6097","article-title":"CORSIKA: A Monte Carlo code to simulate extensive air showers","volume":"6019","author":"Heck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Rep. FZKA"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012136","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1342\/1\/012136","article-title":"Extensive air showers event reconstruction using spatial and temporary particle distribution at Horizon-T experiment","volume":"1342","author":"Beznosko","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012007","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1342\/1\/012007","article-title":"Horizon-T experiment and detection of Extensive air showers with unusual structure","volume":"1342","author":"Beisembaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T07008","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/12\/07\/T07008","article-title":"Fast and simple glass-based charged particles detector with large linear detection range","volume":"12","author":"Beznosko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/JEDS.2014.2306412","article-title":"A Review of the Pinned Photodiode for CCD and CMOS Image Sensors","volume":"2","author":"Fossum","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Electron Devices Soc."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watson, A.A. (2011). The discovery of Cherenkov radiation and its use in the detection of extensive air showers. Hist. Philos. Phys., 13\u201319.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nuclphysbps.2011.03.003"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walter, C. (2008). The Super-Kamiokande Experiment. Energy Phys. Exp., 19\u201343.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812771971_0002"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bignell, L.J., Beznosko, D., Diwan, M.V., Hans, S., Jaffe, D.E., Kettell, S., Rosero, R., Themann, H.W., Viren, B., and Worcester, E. (2015). Characterization and modeling of a Water-based Liquid Scintillator. J. Instrum., 10.","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/10\/12\/P12009"},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Duspayev, A., Beznosko, D., Yessenov, M., Batyrkhanov, A., Beremkulov, T., Iakovlev, A., Beisembaev, R., and Zhukov, V. (2015, January 6\u20139). The distributed particle detectors and data acquisition modules for Extensive Air Shower measurements at \u201c Horizon-T KZ\u201d experiment. Proceedings of the International Conference on New Photo-Detectors. SISSA Medialab, Moscow, Troitsk, Russia."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Beznosko, D. (2009). Novel Multi-pixel Silicon Photon Detectors and Applications in T2K. Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society (DPF 2009). arXiv."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"Beznosko, D., Iakovlev, A., Duspayev, A., Vildanova, M.I., Uakhitov, T., Yessenov, M., and Zhukov, V.V. (2017). Horizon-T Experiment Calibrations\u2013MIP Signal from Scintillator and Glass Detectors. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Tkachev, L.G., Boreiko, V.F., Grinyuk, A.A., Porokhovoi, S.Y., Sabirov, B.M., Timoshenko, A.A., Khrenov, B.A., Klimov, P.A., Kuzmichev, L.A., and Sharakin, S.A. (2013, January 2\u20139). Fluorescent detector for Tunka-133 EAS Chrenkov array. Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.241101","article-title":"(Pierre Auger Collab.). Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy","volume":"116","author":"Aab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"06002","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201920806002","article-title":"Extensive Air Showers with Unusual Spatial and Temporal Structure","volume":"208","author":"Beisembaev","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf. EDP Sci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063778819040057","article-title":"Unusual Time Structure of Extensive Air Showers at Energies Exceeding 1017 eV","volume":"82","author":"Beisembaev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. At. Nucl."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"349","article-title":"The Roland Maze Project","volume":"33","author":"Gawin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. B"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217751X05030387","article-title":"The Roland Maze Project \u2013 Cosmic Ray Registration At Schools","volume":"20","author":"Feder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_177","unstructured":"Linsley, J. (1985, January 11\u201323). Mini and Super Mini Arrays for the Study of Highest Energy Cosmic Rays. Proceedings of the 19th International Cosmic Ray Conference, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055021","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6552\/ab9dbc","article-title":"The first CREDO registration of extensive air shower","volume":"55","author":"Karbowiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6552\/ab921b","article-title":"Outreach activities with the \u03bcCosmics air shower detector","volume":"55","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Educ."},{"key":"ref_180","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). ADVACAM\u2014Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/advacam.com."},{"key":"ref_181","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Medpix\u2014Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/medipix.web.cern.ch."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2016.03.009","article-title":"The SATRAM Timepix spacecraft payload in open space on board the Proba-V satellite for wide range radiation monitoring in LEO orbit,y","volume":"125","author":"Granja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Planet. Space. Sci"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10967-019-06853-7","article-title":"Low-background, digital gamma-ray spectrometer with BEGe detector and active shield: Commissioning, optimisation and software development","volume":"322","author":"Gorzkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_184","unstructured":"Kovalyov, M., and Kovalyov, S. (2014). On the relationship between cosmic rays, solar activity and powerful earthquakes. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"428","article-title":"(CREDO Collab.). A communication solution for portable detectors of the Cosmic Ray Extremely Distributed Observatory","volume":"ICRC2019","author":"Smelcerz","year":"2020","journal-title":"PoS"},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). Bluetooth Website with Technical Parameters. Available online: https:\/\/www.bluetooth.com\/."},{"key":"ref_187","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). ZigBee Website with Technical Parameters. Available online: https:\/\/zigbeealliance.org\/."},{"key":"ref_188","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). LoRa Website with Technical Parameters. Available online: https:\/\/lora-alliance.org\/."},{"key":"ref_189","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). SigFox Website with Technical Parameters. Available online: https:\/\/www.sigfox.com\/en."},{"key":"ref_190","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). WiFi Website with Technical Parameters. Available online: https:\/\/www.wi-fi.org\/."},{"key":"ref_191","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). GPRS website with Technical Parameters. Available online: https:\/\/www.3gpp.org\/."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzminykh, I., Snihurov, A., and Carlsson, A. (2017, January 21\u201325). Testing of communication range in ZigBee technology. Proceedings of the 2017 14th International Conference The Experience of Designing and Application of CAD Systems in Microelectronics (CADSM), Lviv, Ukraine.","DOI":"10.1109\/CADSM.2017.7916102"},{"key":"ref_193","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). STMicroelectronics, Technical Documentation for B-L072Z-LRWAN1 LoRa R \/SigfoxTM Discovery kit. Available online: https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/evaluation-tools\/b-l072z-lrwan1.html."},{"key":"ref_194","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). Technical Documentation for Evaluation Board Based on the SPIRIT1. Available online: https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/evaluation-tools\/steval-ikr002v1d.html."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2016.7721743","article-title":"Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios","volume":"23","author":"Centenaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_196","unstructured":"Saunders, S.R., and Arag\u00f3n-Zavala, A. (2007). Antennas and Propagation for Wireless Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"(2020, September 29). STMicroelectronics, Technical Information. Available online: https:\/\/www.st.com\/en\/microcontrollers-microprocessors\/stm32wl-series.html."},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Verbetsky, Y., and Svanidze, M. (2020). On the method of ascertainment of the possible historical proximity of two Extensive Air Showers. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","article-title":"The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_200","unstructured":"(2020, September 01). OpenAPI Specification\u2014Version 3.0.3. Available online: https:\/\/swagger.io\/specification\/."},{"key":"ref_201","unstructured":"(2020, September 01). Django The Web Framework for Perfectionists with Deadlines. Available online: https:\/\/www.djangoproject.com\/."},{"key":"ref_202","unstructured":"(2020, September 01). MariaDB Website. Available online: https:\/\/mariadb.org\/."},{"key":"ref_203","unstructured":"(2020, September 01). Redis Website. Available online: https:\/\/redis.io\/."},{"key":"ref_204","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). APi Credo Science\u2014Website Dedicated Statistics from CREDO Detector. Available online: https:\/\/api.credo.science\/."},{"key":"ref_205","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Github of the CREDO Project. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/credo-science."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). PyCharm Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.jetbrains.com\/pycharm\/."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). EurekAlert! October 2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/pub_releases\/2018-10\/thni-cfl100418.php."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karbowiak, M., Wibig, T., Alvarez-Castillo, D.E., Beznosko, D., Duffy, A.R., G\u00f3ra, D., Homola, P., Kasztelan, M., Nied\u017awiecki, M., and (CREDO Collab.) (2020). Determination of zenith angle dependence of incoherent cosmic ray muon flux using smartphones of the CREDO Project. submitted for publication.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11031185"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Napolitano, A. (2012). Generalizations of Cyclostationary Signal Processing: Spectral Analysis and Applications, John Wiley & Sons Ltd\u2014IEEE Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118437926"},{"key":"ref_210","unstructured":"Napolitano, A. (2019). Cyclostationary Processes and Time Series: Theory, Applications, and Generalizations, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2020.2999664","article-title":"Interference-Tolerant Wide-Band Moving Source Passive Localization","volume":"68","author":"Napolitano","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.19230.x","article-title":"Cyclic spectral analysis of radio pulsars","volume":"416","author":"Demorest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"1","article-title":"Linked Data\u2014The Story So Far","volume":"5","author":"Bizer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Semant. Web Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_214","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). The Linked Open Data Cloud. Available online: https:\/\/lod-cloud.net."},{"key":"ref_215","unstructured":"(2012). OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Document Overview. W3C Recommendation, [2nd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/owl2-overview\/."},{"key":"ref_216","unstructured":"RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax (2020, September 30). W3C Recommendation. Available online: http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/2014\/REC-rdf11-concepts-20140225\/."},{"key":"ref_217","unstructured":"SPARQL 1.1 Query Language (2020, September 30). W3C Recommendation. Available online: https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/sparql11-query\/."},{"key":"ref_218","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). CREDO Ontology. Available online: https:\/\/user.credo.science\/user-interface\/ontology\/."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2011.19932.x","article-title":"Planet Hunters: The first two planet candidates identified by the public using the Kepler public archive data","volume":"419","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_220","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Dark Universe Welcome. Available online: https:\/\/www.zooniverse.org\/projects\/credo\/dark-universe-welcome."},{"key":"ref_221","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Zooniverse\u2014Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.zooniverse.org\/projects."},{"key":"ref_222","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Github of the CREDO project, repository: \u201cCREDO-PC-Windows\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/credo-science\/CREDO-PC-Windows."},{"key":"ref_223","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Github of the CREDO Project, Repository: \u201cCredo-Detector-for-Linux-Desktop-and-Raspberry-Pi\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/credo-science\/Credo-detector-for-linux-desktop-and-Raspberry-Pi."},{"key":"ref_224","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Github of the CREDO Project, Repository: \u201cWindows-Tools\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/credo-science\/Windows-Tools."},{"key":"ref_225","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Github of the CREDO project, repository: \u201cPyCharm-scripts\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/credo-science\/PyCharm-scripts."},{"key":"ref_226","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Github of the CREDO Project, Repository: \u201cCredo-Web-Detecto\u201d. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/credo-science\/credo-web-detector."},{"key":"ref_227","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). \u201cParticle Hunter\u201d Competition (Information Currently Available Only in Polish). Available online: https:\/\/credo.science\/lowcyczastek\/."},{"key":"ref_228","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). MIT license. Available online: https:\/\/opensource.org\/licenses\/MIT."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.1149","article-title":"Open science is a research accelerator","volume":"3","author":"Woelfle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"ref_230","first-page":"107.15","article-title":"Time-domain Astronomy Coordination Hub (TACH)","volume":"52","author":"Smale","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Astron. Soc. Meet. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_231","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures. Available online: https:\/\/www.esfri.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012008","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/888\/1\/012008","article-title":"High-Energy Neutrino Searches in the Mediterranean Sea: Probing the Universe with antares and km3net-arca","volume":"888","author":"Kouchner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"3","article-title":"The European extremely large telescope (E-ELT)","volume":"127","author":"Gilmozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Messenger"},{"key":"ref_234","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network\u2014Official Website. Available online: https:\/\/www.amon.psu.edu\/."},{"key":"ref_235","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). Future NASA Missions for MultiMessenger Astrophysics\u2014Presentation. Available online: http:\/\/multi-messenger.asterics2020.eu\/Documents\/presentations\/Racusin_Judith.pdf."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S1464-1895(00)00050-8","article-title":"Variations of the cosmic ray fluxes as a possible earthquake precursor","volume":"25","author":"Morozova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth A"},{"key":"ref_237","first-page":"179","article-title":"Ionospheric evidence of the May 1960 earthquake Concepci\u00f3n?","volume":"47","author":"Foppiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geof\u00edsica Int."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1134\/S0016793215010107","article-title":"On the magnetic precursor of the Chilean earthquake of February 27, 2010","volume":"55","author":"Romanova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomagn. Aeron."},{"key":"ref_239","unstructured":"P\u0131\u0161a, D., Santol\u0131k, O., and Parrot, M. (2010). Statistical Study of the Ionospheric Density Variation Related to the 2010 Chile Earthquake and Measured by the DEMETER Satellite. In WDS\u201910 Proceedings of Contributed Papers, Part II."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4015","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JA024871","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Tomography of Ionospheric Anomalies Immediately Before the 2015 Illapel Earthquake, Central Chile","volume":"123","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. (Space Phys.)"},{"key":"ref_241","first-page":"205","article-title":"Visualization of the challenges and limitations of the long-term sunspot number record","volume":"3","author":"Vaquero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-017-0726-1","article-title":"Multidisciplinary European Low Dose Initiative (MELODI): Strategic research agenda for low dose radiation risk research","volume":"57","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Bioph."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2010.11.023","article-title":"Birthdates of patients affected by mental illness and solar activity: A study from Italy","volume":"47","author":"Ventriglio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/11\/1835\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:29:52Z","timestamp":1760178592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/11\/1835"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]},"references-count":243,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12111835"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12111835","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0298.v1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0298.v2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]]}}}