{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T23:13:41Z","timestamp":1772147621988,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP15K00362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP15K00362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP24500240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP24500240"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain\u2013Machine Interfaces (BMIs) have attracted much attention in recent decades, mainly for their applications involving severely disabled people. Recently, research has been directed at enhancing the ability of healthy people by connecting their brains to external devices. However, there are currently no successful research reports focused on robotic power augmentation using electroencephalography (EEG) signals for the shoulder joint. In this study, a method is proposed to estimate the shoulder\u2019s electromyography (EMG) signals from EEG signals based on the concept of a virtual flexor\u2013extensor muscle. In addition, the EMG signal of the deltoid muscle is used as the virtual EMG signal to establish the EMG estimation model and evaluate the experimental results. Thus, the shoulder\u2019s power can be augmented by estimated virtual EMG signals for the people wearing an EMG-based power augmentation exoskeleton robot. The estimated EMG signal is expressed via a linear combination of the features of EEG signals extracted by Independent Component Analysis, Short-time Fourier Transform, and Principal Component Analysis. The proposed method was verified experimentally, and the average of the estimation correlation coefficient across different subjects was 0.78 (\u00b10.037). These results demonstrate the feasibility and potential of using EEG signals to provide power augmentation through BMI technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111851","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]],"date-time":"2020-11-10T20:29:36Z","timestamp":1605040176000},"page":"1851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["EEG-Based EMG Estimation of Shoulder Joint for the Power Augmentation System of Upper Limbs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-7176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbo","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maebashi Institute of Technology, Center for Regional Collaboration, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Life Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Mochida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Life Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Life Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoya","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Life Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peirang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Life Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Life Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1 Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-6-21","article-title":"Exoskeletons and orthoses: Classification, design challenges and future directions","volume":"6","author":"Herr","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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