{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T13:00:06Z","timestamp":1776430806804,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province Youth Project (in china)","award":["2008085QG340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2008085QG340"]}]},{"name":"Humanities and Social Sciences General Research Project of Ministry of Education (in china)","award":["20YJC630203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20YJC630203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rise of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the great changes of the organization scale of the modern enterprise, it is difficult to maintain an ideal development only by maximizing the equity of shareholders. The co-governance of stakeholders can meet the interests of all stakeholders, which is the embodiment of corporate social responsibility in corporate governance. The creation and sharing of enterprise values are the foundation of the coexistence of stakeholders. A rational allocation of the limited enterprise values among stakeholders plays a crucial role in balancing their relationship and realizing the sustainable development of the enterprise. Based on the application of corporate social responsibility in stakeholder governance, this paper constructs a stakeholder symbiosis evolution model with the help of symbiosis theory. By solving the differential equation, the symbiotic evolution path of stakeholders is analyzed. The dynamic mechanism of stakeholder Symbiosis evolution is analyzed by using the system analysis method and evolution theory. The dynamic mechanism of the population evolution of stakeholders is represented in an original graphical manner to describe the symbiotic evolution process of stakeholders. Lastly, we use the numerical simulation method to simulate different symbiosis models which are reflected by different symbiosis coefficients. It is concluded that the symmetric mutual benefit symbiosis model is the most effective model to reflect corporate social responsibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12111897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T06:23:52Z","timestamp":1605767032000},"page":"1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Stakeholder Symbiosis in the Context of Corporate Social Responsibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Danli","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"},{"name":"School of economics, North Minzu University, Yinchan 750021, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Industrial Information and Economic Research, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Administration Faculty, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-3682(82)90025-3","article-title":"An evaluation of environmental disclosures made in corporate annual reports","volume":"7","author":"Wiseman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Account. Organ. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1439","article-title":"Researching corporate social responsibility in the Middle East: The current state and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.10.093","article-title":"Key activity areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the construction industry: A study of China","volume":"113","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"294","article-title":"Rethinking agency theory: The view from law","volume":"35","author":"Lan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bushor.2006.12.002","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility: Doing well by doing good","volume":"50","author":"Falck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Director primacy and shareholder disempowerment","volume":"119","author":"Bainbridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harv. Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"112","article-title":"Research on Evolving Dynamic Model of Labor-Capital Symbiotic Between Employees and Shareholders: Based on Value-Added and Stakeholder Theory","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Manag. Sci. China"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2004.12.010","article-title":"Industrial Symbiosis Networks and the Contribution to Environmental Innovation: The Case of the Landskrona Industrial Symbiosis Programme","volume":"13","author":"Mirata","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"42","article-title":"The Evolution Model and Empirical Studies of Enterprises Cluster Symbiosis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.04.006","article-title":"The Development of Industrial Symbiosis in Existing Contexts Experiences from Three Italian Clusters","volume":"139","author":"Taddeo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2008.08.001","article-title":"The relative weight of manufacturing and services in Europe: An innovation perspective","volume":"76","author":"Castaldi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"249","article-title":"Multi-Group Symbiotic Evolution Mechanism in an Innovative Ecosystem: Evidence from China","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Cercet. \u0218i Interv. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s00191-010-0203-3","article-title":"Evolutionary economics and evolutionary game theory: Are they a different species?","volume":"22","author":"Hodgson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Evol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"49","article-title":"The Relative Relationship Between Employees Income Rate and Enterprise Value Based on Value Added","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metal. Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-012-1251-4","article-title":"CSR and Stakeholder Theory: A Tale of Adam Smith","volume":"112","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-009-0079-z","article-title":"Investigating Stakeholder Theory and Social Capital: CSR in Large Firms and SMEs","volume":"91","author":"Russo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bus. Ethics"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"7","article-title":"Corporate Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Theory: Learning From Each Other","volume":"2","author":"Freeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Issues Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-6813(91)90005-G","article-title":"The pyramid of corporate social responsibility: Toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders","volume":"34","author":"Carroll","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bus. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00796","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility and employee engagement: Enabling employees to employ more of their whole selves at work","volume":"7","author":"Glavas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/1331677X.2014.967535","article-title":"Corporate social responsibility in emerging and developing economies in Central and Eastern Europe\u2014A measurement model from the stakeholder theory perspective","volume":"27","author":"Gangone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Econ. Res. Ekon. Istra\u017eivanja"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"45","article-title":"A model of socially responsible organizational culture","volume":"27","author":"Ganescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Studia Univ. Vasile Goldis Arad. Econ. Ser."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/csr.1689","article-title":"Consumer\u2019s response to CSR activities: Mediating role of brand image and brand attitude","volume":"26","author":"Ramesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corp. Soc. Responsib. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.07.046","article-title":"Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility: The role of CSR domains","volume":"95","author":"Baskentli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dospinescu, N., Dospinescu, O., and Tatarusanu, M. (2020). Analysis of the Influence Factors on the Reputation of Food-Delivery Companies: Evidence from Romania. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12104142"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Nadanyiova, M., and Durana, P. (2019, January 30\u201331). Corporate social responsibility as a brand value-enhancing tool. Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific Symposium Economy of Eastern Croatia\u2013Vision and Growth, Osijek, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Freeman, E.R. (1984). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach, Pitman Publishing."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"235","article-title":"The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits","volume":"13","author":"Friedman","year":"1970","journal-title":"N. Y. Times Mag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.2307\/3858020","article-title":"Stakeholder theory: A libertarian defense","volume":"12","author":"Freeman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bus. Ethics Q."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1086\/260866","article-title":"Agency problems and the theory of the firm","volume":"88","author":"Fama","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1086\/261404","article-title":"The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration","volume":"94","author":"Gossman","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Political Econ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2307\/259247","article-title":"Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts","volume":"22","author":"Mitchell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Aoki, M. (1987). Co-Operative Game Theory of the Firm, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"899","article-title":"The Human Capital Era: Reconceptualizing Corporate Law to Facilitate Labor-Management Cooperation","volume":"78","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cornell Law Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1108\/eb028831","article-title":"Stakeholder Mismatching: A Theoretical Problem in Empirical Research on Corporate Social Performance","volume":"7","author":"Wood","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Organ. Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Sun, T.Q. (2001). The Structure of Industrial Organization Research: Oligarchs, Big, Medium and Small Symbiosis, Economic Science Press."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2307\/258888","article-title":"Stakeholder Framework for Analyzing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance","volume":"20","author":"Clarkson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acad. Manag. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"John, R., and Eric, S. (2000). Shareholder Interests, Human Capital Investment and Corporate Governance, Stanford University, Graduate School of Business. Research Paper No. 1631."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1162\/003355398555630","article-title":"Power in a Theory of the Firm","volume":"113","author":"Rajan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1162\/00335530152466241","article-title":"The Firm as a Dedicated Hierarchy: A Theory of the Origins and Growth of Firms","volume":"116","author":"Rajan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5117\/mab.55.15150","article-title":"The decision relevance of value added reports","volume":"55","author":"Maunder","year":"1981","journal-title":"Maandbl. Voor Account. Bedrijfsecon."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"73","article-title":"The Value Added Statement: An Innovation for U. S. Companies","volume":"2","author":"Meek","year":"1988","journal-title":"Account. Horiz."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-057x201512240","article-title":"Analysis of the Relevance of Information Content of the Value Added Statement in the Brazilian Capital Markets","volume":"26","author":"Machado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Contab. Finan\u00e7."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"20","article-title":"The Research on Value-Added Report Based on Value Co-Creation and Co-Share Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Account. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-646X.1989.tb00014.x","article-title":"The Relative Relationship Between Systematic and Value Added Variables","volume":"1","author":"Karpik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Int. Financ. Manag. Account."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"141","article-title":"Value-Added Distribution Pattern and Its Determinant Factors Analysis- Empirical Study Based on China Listed Company","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Nelson, R.R., and Winter, S.G. (1982). An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Belknap Press."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/cje\/bel018","article-title":"Principles of Neo-Schumpeterian Economics","volume":"31","author":"Hanusch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Camb. J. Econ."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"33","article-title":"Can Synergetics Be of Use to Management Theory?","volume":"26","author":"Haken","year":"1984","journal-title":"Self-Organ. Manag. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"132","article-title":"Evolutionary Games and Evolutionary Economics","volume":"44","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Econ. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0531(92)90041-F","article-title":"Evolutionary Stability in Asymmetric Games","volume":"57","author":"Samuelson","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Econ. Theory"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1108\/K-11-2015-0294","article-title":"The dynamic equilibrium and simulation of mobile internet platform innovation ecosystem a symbiotic evolution model","volume":"45","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kybernetes"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/11\/1897\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:02Z","timestamp":1760178842000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/12\/11\/1897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym12111897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym12111897","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]]}}}