{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T15:35:25Z","timestamp":1767108925714,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/UTHM\/K172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2019\/UTHM\/K172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The understanding of mixed convection heat transfer in cavity is crucial for studying the energy consumption and efficiency in many engineering devices. In the present work, the hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu-Water) is employed to increase the heat transfer rate in a double lid-driven rectangular cavity. The bottom movable horizontal wall is kept at a high temperature while the top movable horizontal wall is kept at a low temperature. The sidewalls are insulated. The mass, momentum and energy equations are numerically solved using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). The SIMPLE algorithm is used for pressure-velocity coupling. Parameters such as Reynold\u2019s number (Re), Richardson number (Ri), moving wall direction, solid volume fraction, and cavity length are studied. The results show that the hybrid nanofluid in the rectangular cavity is able to augment the heat transfer significantly. When Re is high, a big size solid body can augment the heat transfer. Heat transfer increases with respect to Ri. Meanwhile, the local Nusselt number decreases with respect to the cavity length.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12121977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1606767022000},"page":"1977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Mixed Convection in a Double Lid-Driven Cavity Filled with Hybrid Nanofluid by Using Finite Volume Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7962-7954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"I.R.","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics &amp; Statistics, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Muar 84600, Malaysia"},{"name":"Business Administration Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon 51002, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-6600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar I.","family":"Alsabery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Refrigeration &amp; Air-Conditioning Technical Engineering Department, College of Technical Engineering, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq"}]},{"given":"N.A.","family":"Bakar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Muar 84600, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1526-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozaini","family":"Roslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics &amp; Statistics, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Pagoh, Muar 84600, Malaysia"},{"name":"ANNA Systems LLC, Moscow Region, Dubna, 9 Maya Street, Building 7B, Building 2 Office 10.141707, Moscow, Dolgoprudnenskoe Highway, 3, Fiztekhpark, Moscow 141980, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.11.136","article-title":"Mixed convection of Al2O3-water nanofluid in a double lid-driven square cavity with a solid inner insert using Buongiorno\u2019s two-phase model","volume":"119","author":"Alsabery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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