{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:39:10Z","timestamp":1762868350381,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51908371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51908371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When tunnels are constructed under difficult geotechnical conditions in urban areas, tunnel face stability is one of the main issues to be addressed. To ensure tunnel face stability and reduce the impact of tunneling on adjacent structures, a few alternative procedures of ground reinforcement should be adopted, which includes reinforcing the soil ahead of the face using longitudinal fiberglass dowels alone or together with a steel pipe umbrella. It is of great academic value and engineering signification to reasonably determine the limit reinforcement density of these ground reinforcements. In this paper, an analytical prediction model is proposed by using the limit analysis method to analyze the tunnel face stability, and the favorable effects of longitudinal fiberglass dowels and steel pipe umbrella on tunnel face stability are investigated quantitatively. The analytical prediction model consists of a wedge ahead of the tunnel face, distributed force acting on the wedge exerted by overlying ground, and the support forces stem from the longitudinal fiberglass dowels. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is conducted to study the effect of the depth of cover, the tunnel shape, the reinforcement installation interval and the reduction factor on the required limit reinforcement density.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12122069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:45:36Z","timestamp":1607906736000},"page":"2069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Stability Analysis of Tunnel Face Reinforced with Longitudinal Fiberglass Dowels Together with Steel Pipe Umbrella"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5623-6376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaihang","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuetao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Jingye Engineering Company Limited, Beijing 100088, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-yong","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing-Tao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Han, K., Xie, T., and Luo, J. 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