{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:28:59Z","timestamp":1760239739127,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The parallel development of the theories of electrodynamical and gravitational dispersion forces reveals important differences. The former arose earlier than the formulation of quantum electrodynamics so that expressions for the unretarded, van der Waals forces were obtained by treating the field as classical. Even after the derivation of quantum electrodynamics, semiclassical considerations continued to play a critical role in the interpretation of the full results, including in the retarded regime. On the other hand, recent predictions about the existence of gravitational dispersion forces were obtained without any consideration that the gravitational field might be fundamentally classical. This is an interesting contrast, as several semiclassical theories of electrodynamical dispersion forces exist although the electromagnetic field is well known to be quantized, whereas no semiclassical theory of gravitational dispersion forces was ever developed although a full quantum theory of gravity is lacking. In the first part of this paper, we explore this evolutionary process from a historical point of view, stressing that the existence of a Casimir effect is insufficient to demonstrate that a field is quantized. In the second part of the paper, we show that the recently published results about gravitational dispersion forces can be obtained without quantizing the gravitational field. This is done first in the unretarded regime by means of Margenau\u2019s treatment of multipole dispersion forces, also obtaining mixed potentials. These results are extended to the retarded regime by generalizing to the gravitational field the approach originally proposed by McLachlan. The paper closes with a discussion of experimental challenges and philosophical implications connected to gravitational dispersion forces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1609271725000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gravitational Dispersion Forces and Gravity Quantization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5883-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ekospace Center and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir University of Economics, Teleferik Mahallesi, Sakarya Cd. No:156, 35330 Bal\u00e7ova, \u0130zmir, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shpsb.2014.08.001","article-title":"Ontological aspects of the Casimir Effect","volume":"48","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stud. Hist. Philos. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"793","article-title":"On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates","volume":"51","author":"Casimir","year":"1948","journal-title":"Proc. Kon. Ned. Akad. Wetenshap"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Schulz, M.J., Shanov, V.N., Yin, J., and Cahay, M. (2019). The future of van der Waals force enabled technology-transfer into the aerospace marketplace. Nanotube Superfiber Materials, Science to Commercialization, Elsevier. Chapter 29."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Sakurai, J.J. (1987). 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