{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:41:14Z","timestamp":1764859274717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006565","name":"University of Johannesburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 5G systems, enhancing the energy efficiency (EE) and spectrum efficiency (SE) is a significant task that is capable of fulfilling the demand of future wireless networks and providing Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning, such as high throughput with low power consumption. In the present work, a look-up table enabled a fuzzy-based approach to investigate the SE and EE issues in 5G networks and obtained an efficient symmetrical trade-off between them to enhance the system\u2019s overall performance. We completed simulations in NS-2.31 software version 2.31, and MATLAB is used to visualize the results. The proposed model achieved maximum values of EE and SE of 0.92 bit\/J\/Hz with a sensing time \u03c4s(LUT) = 20 ms. Furthermore, optimizing the sensing time and the secondary user (SU) transmission power, yielded a maximum EE and provided a QoS provisioned cognitive radio-enabled 5G network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13010047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T20:13:41Z","timestamp":1609359221000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["A Fuzzy-Based Optimization Technique for the Energy and Spectrum Efficiencies Trade-Off in Cognitive Radio-Enabled 5G Network"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4750-8384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamah Ibrahim","family":"Khalaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Nahrain Nanorenewable Energy Research Centre (NNERC), AI-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64074, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6589-4904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kingsley A.","family":"Ogudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-2625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manwinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ECE, Faculty of Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144001, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.839380","article-title":"Cognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless communications","volume":"23","author":"Haykin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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