{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T10:19:42Z","timestamp":1776334782297,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004686","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IFT20076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IFT20076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are several environmental factors such as temperature differential, moisture, oxidation, etc. that affect the extended life of the modified asphalt influencing its desired adhesive properties. Knowledge of the properties of asphalt adhesives can help to provide a more resilient and durable asphalt surface. In this study, a hybrid of Bayesian optimization algorithm and support vector regression approach is recommended to predict the adhesion force of asphalt. The effects of three important variables viz., conditions (fresh, wet and aged), binder types (base, 4% SB, 5% SB, 4% SBS and 5% SBS), and Carbon Nano Tube doses (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) on adhesive force are taken into consideration. Real-life experimental data (405 specimens) are considered for model development. Using atomic force microscopy, the adhesive strength of nanoscales of test specimens is determined according to functional groups on the asphalt. It is found that the model predictions overlap with the experimental data with a high R2 of 90.5% and relative deviation are scattered around zero line. Besides, the mean, median and standard deviations of experimental and the predicted values are very close. In addition, the mean absolute Error, root mean square error and fractional bias values were found to be low, indicating the high performance of the developed model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13010060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:31:49Z","timestamp":1609425109000},"page":"60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Sustainable Highway and Road System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md","family":"Arifuzzaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University (KFU), P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1333-5179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Aniq Gul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University (KFU), P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7994-4642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaffayatullah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, King Faisal University (KFU), P.O. Box 380, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1622-2041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M. Zakir","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bahrain, P.O. Box 32038, Isa Town, Kingdom of Bahrain, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.152","article-title":"Rheological properties, low-temperature cracking resistance, and optical performance of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets modified asphalt binder","volume":"113","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000184","article-title":"Influence on rheological characteristics of asphalt binders containing carbon nanoparticles","volume":"23","author":"Xiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mater. Civ. 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