{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T07:43:05Z","timestamp":1778830985907,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present paper aims to analyze the thermal convective heat transport and generated irreversibility of water-Cu-Al2O3 hybrid nanosuspension in an odd-shaped cavity. The side walls are adiabatic, and the internal and external borders of the enclosure are isothermally kept at high and low temperatures of Thand Tc, respectively. The control equations based on conservation laws are formulated in dimensionless form and worked out employing the Galerkin finite element technique. The outcomes are demonstrated using streamlines, isothermal lines, heatlines, isolines of Bejan number, as well as the rate of generated entropy and the Nusselt number. Impacts of the Rayleigh number, the hybrid nanoparticles concentration (\u03d5hnf), the volume fraction of the Cu nanoparticles to \u03d5hnf ratio (\u03d5r), width ratio (WR) have been surveyed and discussed. The results show that, for all magnitudes of Rayleigh numbers, increasing nanoparticles concentration intensifies the rate of entropy generation. Moreover, for high Rayleigh numbers, increasing WR enhances the rate of heat transport.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13010122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]],"date-time":"2021-01-12T20:11:31Z","timestamp":1610482291000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Free Convection Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation in an Odd-Shaped Cavity Filled with a Cu-Al2O3 Hybrid Nanofluid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghalambaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Metamaterials for Mechanical, Biomechanical and Multiphysical Applications Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1554-1083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohsen","family":"Hashem Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61355, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8759-8353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Veismoradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad 91735, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail A.","family":"Sheremet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory on Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioan","family":"Pop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Babe\u015f-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icheatmasstransfer.2010.09.004","article-title":"Numerical simulation of mixed convection flows in a square lid-driven cavity partially heated from below using nanofluid","volume":"37","author":"Mansour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. 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