{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:15:27Z","timestamp":1792790127536,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61702150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61702150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Plan Project of Zhejiang Province","award":["2017C01065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017C01065"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the field of image steganography research, more and more attention is paid to the importance of stego image robustness. In order to make steganography accessible from laboratory to practical applications, it becomes critical that the stego images can resist JPEG compression from transmission channel. In this paper, an image steganography algorithm with strong robustness to resist JPEG compression is proposed. First, the robust cover elements are selected using the sign of DCT coefficients which are kept constant before and after JPEG compression. Additionally, a distortion function and a weighted cost adjustment method are designed to assign an appropriate cost to each candidate DCT coefficient. Finally, the message is embedded in the cover image which has minimal embedding distortion by flipping the signs of DCT coefficients, while differential Manchester code is applied to the element positions to obtain the location feature. Compared with the prior art, our algorithm has better undetectability and stronger robustness, and it can resist the attacks from the social network platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and WeChat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13020165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1611229780000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Compression Resistant Steganography Based on Differential Manchester Code"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2017.2712162","article-title":"An overview of digital video watermarking","volume":"28","author":"Asikuzzaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2006.890310","article-title":"A new steganographic method for data hiding in microsoft word documents by a change tracking technique","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2326954","article-title":"Investigation on cost assignment in spatial image steganography","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2012.2218599","article-title":"Steganography integration into a low-bit rate speech codec","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2302899","article-title":"Data hiding in encrypted H. 264\/AVC video streams by codeword substitution","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pevn\u1ef3, T., Filler, T., and Bas, P. (2010). Using high-dimensional image models to perform highly undetectable steganography. International Workshop on Information Hiding, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16435-4_13"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holub, V., and Fridrich, J. (2012, January 2\u20135). Designing steganographic distortion using directional filters. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS), Tenerife, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/WIFS.2012.6412655"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Wang, M., Huang, J., and Li, X. (2014, January 27\u201330). A new cost function for spatial image steganography. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Paris, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2014.7025854"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holub, V., and Fridrich, J. (2013, January 17\u201319). Digital image steganography using universal distortion. Proceedings of the First, ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security, Montpellier, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/2482513.2482514"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2312817","article-title":"Uniform embedding for efficient JPEG steganography","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2473815","article-title":"Using statistical image model for JPEG steganography: Uniform embedding revisited","volume":"10","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denemark, T., and Fridrich, J. (2015, January 17\u201319). Improving steganographic security by synchronizing the selection channel. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Information Hiding and Multimedia Security, Portland, OR, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2756601.2756620"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2015.2434600","article-title":"A strategy of clustering modification directions in spatial image steganography","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2016.2587388","article-title":"Decomposing joint distortion for adaptive steganography","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Luo, X., Yang, C., Ye, D., and Liu, F. (2015, January 24\u201327). A JPEG-compression resistant adaptive steganography based on relative relationship between DCT coefficients. Proceedings of the 2015 10th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security, Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/ARES.2015.53"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-016-3914-0","article-title":"Joint JPEG compression and detection resistant performance enhancement for adaptive steganography using feature regions selection","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2018.01.011","article-title":"On the fault-tolerant performance for a class of robust image steganography","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2018.2881118","article-title":"Towards robust image steganography","volume":"29","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2018.2885438","article-title":"Improving the robustness of adaptive steganographic algorithms based on transport channel matching","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168613","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2953504","article-title":"Robust Steganography by Modifying Sign of DCT Coefficients","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.107343","article-title":"Robust adaptive steganography based on generalized dither modulation and expanded embedding domain","volume":"168","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2020.107454","article-title":"Anti-compression JPEG steganography over repetitive compression networks","volume":"170","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2011.11.033","article-title":"Joint robustness and security enhancement for feature-based image watermarking using invariant feature regions","volume":"92","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-017-4506-3","article-title":"Dither modulation based adaptive steganography resisting jpeg compression and statistic detection","volume":"77","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahmasbi, A., Saki, F., and Shokouhi, S.B. (2010, January 3\u20134). An effective breast mass diagnosis system using zernike moments. Proceedings of the 2010 17th Iranian Conference of Biomedical Engineering (ICBME), Isfahan, Iran.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBME.2010.5704941"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bas, P., Filler, T., and Pevn\u1ef3, T. (2011). \u201cBreak our steganographic system\u201d The ins and outs of organizing BOSS. International Workshop on Information Hiding, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24178-9_5"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2134094","article-title":"Minimizing additive distortion in steganography using syndrome-trellis codes","volume":"6","author":"Filler","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pevny, T., and Fridrich, J. (February, January 28). Merging Markov and DCT features for multi-class JPEG steganalysis. Proceedings of the Electronic Imaging 2007, San Jose, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.696774"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kodovsk\u1ef3, J., and Fridrich, J. (2012, January 22\u201326). Steganalysis of JPEG images using rich models. Proceedings of the IS&T\/SPIE Electronic Imaging, Burlingame, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.907495"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2011.2175919","article-title":"Ensemble classifiers for steganalysis of digital media","volume":"7","author":"Kodovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/2\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:13:35Z","timestamp":1760159615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/2\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13020165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13020165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]}}}