{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:24:25Z","timestamp":1792689865372,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]],"date-time":"2021-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is a major threat impeding service to legitimate requests on any network. Although the first DDoS attack was reported in 1996, the complexity and sophistication of these attacks has been ever increasing. A 2 TBps attack was reported in mid-August 2020 directed towards critical infrastructure, such as finance, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. It is estimated that these attacks will double, reaching over 15 million, in the next 2 years. A number of mitigation schemes have been designed and developed since its inception but the increasing complexity demands advanced solutions based on emerging technologies. Blockchain has emerged as a promising and viable technology for DDoS mitigation. The inherent and fundamental characteristics of blockchain such as decentralization, internal and external trustless attitude, immutability, integrity, anonymity and verifiability have proven to be strong candidates, in tackling this deadly cyber threat. This survey discusses different approaches for DDoS mitigation using blockchain in varied domains to date. The paper aims at providing a comprehensive review, highlighting all necessary details, strengths, challenges and limitations of different approaches. It is intended to serve as a single platform to understand the mechanics of current approaches to enhance research and development in the DDoS mitigation domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13020227","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,30]],"date-time":"2021-01-30T06:22:20Z","timestamp":1611987740000},"page":"227","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Mitigation Using Blockchain\u2014A Comprehensive Insight"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6812-0066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharyar","family":"Wani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Imthiyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems, Kulliyyah of Information and Communication Technology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 53100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamad","family":"Almohamedh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid M","family":"Alhamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IT Programs Center, Faculty of IT Department, Institute of Public Administration, Riyadh 11141, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2050-5236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Almotairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Community College, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6515-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonis","family":"Gulzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3769","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2934468","article-title":"Defense Mechanisms against DDoS Attacks in a Cloud Computing Environment: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges","volume":"21","author":"Agrawal","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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