{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T05:18:38Z","timestamp":1772947118701,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, industries have been investing to develop a potential alternative fuel to substitute the depleting fossil fuels which emit noxious emissions. Present work investigated the effect of ferrous ferric oxide nano-additive on performance and emission parameters of compression ignition engine fuelled with chicken fat methyl ester blends. The nano-additive was included with various methyl ester blends at different ppm of 50, 100, and 150 through the ultrasonication process. Probe sonicator was utilized for nano-fuel preparation to inhibit the formation of agglomeration of nanoparticles in base fuel. Experimental results revealed that the addition of 100 ppm dosage of ferrous ferric oxide nanoparticles in blends significantly improves the combustion performance and substantially decrease the pernicious emissions of the engine. It is also found from an experimental results analysis that brake thermal efficiency (BTE) improved by 4.84%, a reduction in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) by 10.44%, brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) by 9.44%, exhaust gas temperature (EGT) by 19.47%, carbon monoxides (CO) by 53.22%, unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) by 21.73%, nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 15.39%, and smoke by 14.73% for the nano-fuel B20FFO100 blend. By seeing of analysis, it is concluded that the doping of ferrous ferric oxide nano-additive in chicken fat methyl ester blends shows an overall development in engine characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13020265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T21:29:27Z","timestamp":1612474167000},"page":"265","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Ferrous Ferric Oxide Nano-Additive and Chicken Fat Methyl Ester on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Compression Ignition Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ameer","family":"Suhel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem, Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3580-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norwazan","family":"Abdul Rahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem, Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Mohd Rosdzimin","family":"Abdul Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem, Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-7825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khairol Amali","family":"Bin Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem, Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yew Heng","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Noh","family":"Zainal Abidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem, Sungai Besi 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conti, J., Holtberg, P., Diefenderfer, J., LaRose, A., Turnure, J.T., and Westfall, L. (2016). International Energy Outlook 2016, U.S. Energy Information Administration.","DOI":"10.2172\/1296780"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the influence of titanium dioxide nanofluid on emission pattern of biodiesel in a diesel engine","volume":"9","author":"Yuvarajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.071","article-title":"Emission and injection characteristics of corn biodiesel blends in diesel engine","volume":"235","author":"Manigandan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.01.169","article-title":"Integrated valorization of waste cooking oil and spent coffee grounds for biodiesel production: Blending with higher alcohols, FT\u2013IR, TGA, DSC and NMR characterizations","volume":"244","author":"Atabani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.04.091","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of modified nano fl uid fuel blends at different TiO2 nanoparticle concentration in diesel engine: Experimental assessment and modeling","volume":"248","author":"Saxena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.12.027","article-title":"Optimization of biodiesel production by microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification for waste cooking oil-Calophyllum inophyllum oil via response surface methodology","volume":"158","author":"Milano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116751","article-title":"Performance and emission characteristics of variable compression ratio CI engine fueled with dual biodiesel blends of Rapeseed and Mahua","volume":"263","author":"Saravanan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109526","article-title":"Patent landscape review on biodiesel production: Technology updates","volume":"118","author":"Mahlia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.03.035","article-title":"Engine performance and emissions using Jatropha curcas, Ceiba pentandra and Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel in a CI diesel engine","volume":"69","author":"Ong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-019-10040-7","article-title":"A Review: Role of Fatty Acids Composition in Characterizing Potential Feedstock for Sustainable Green Lubricants by Advance Transesterification Process and its Global as Well as Pakistani Prospective","volume":"13","author":"Gul","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioEnergy Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117728","article-title":"Influence of doping Mg cation in Fe3O4 lattice on its oxygen storage capacity to use as a catalyst for reducing emissions of a compression ignition engine","volume":"272","author":"Sarvestani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1504\/IJGW.2015.070051","article-title":"Effect of nanoparticle additives on NOx emissions of diesel fuelled compression ignition engine","volume":"7","author":"Ozgur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Glob. Warm."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.02.509","article-title":"Effect of a zinc oxide nanoparticle fuel additive on the performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with cotton seed biodiesel blends","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119358","article-title":"Effect of CuO nanoparticles concentration on the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine running on jojoba (Simmondsia Chinensis) biodiesel","volume":"286","author":"Rastogi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Ali, S.A., Hunagund, S., Hussain, S.S., and Bagwan, A.H. (2020). The effect of nanoparticles dispersed in waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on thermal performance characteristics of VCR engine. Mater. Today Proc., 1\u20134."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.119115","article-title":"Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of unmodified diesel engine with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nano particle along with water-in-diesel emulsion fuel","volume":"285","author":"Vigneswaran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117168","article-title":"A comparative study on the effect of nano-additives on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine run on Jatropha biodiesel","volume":"267","author":"Gad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118434","article-title":"Comparative study of nanoparticles and alcoholic fuel additives-biodiesel- diesel blend for performance and emission improvements","volume":"279","author":"Mujtaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2017.05.021","article-title":"Influence on the effect of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles as an additive with Calophyllum inophyllum methyl ester in a CI engine","volume":"146","author":"Nanthagopal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.11.343","article-title":"Effects of Nanoparticles blended Biodiesel on Single Cylinder CI Engine","volume":"5","author":"Muthusamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.12.040","article-title":"Investigation on the combustion and emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with nano Al2O3 and Fe3O4 particles blended biodiesel","volume":"33","author":"Aalam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.03.157","article-title":"Effect of carbon coated aluminum nanoparticles as additive to biodiesel-diesel blends on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine","volume":"221","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042212","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4036543","article-title":"Effects of iron nanoparticles blended biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine","volume":"139","author":"Debbarma","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Energy Resour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.08.025","article-title":"An investigation on the influence of aluminium oxide nano-additive and honge oil methyl ester on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics","volume":"146","author":"Soudagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116015","article-title":"The effects of graphene oxide nanoparticle additive stably dispersed in dairy scum oil biodiesel-diesel fuel blend on CI engine: Performance, emission and combustion characteristics","volume":"257","author":"Soudagar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.09.039","article-title":"A comprehensive review of low cost biodiesel production from waste chicken fat","volume":"82","author":"Kirubakaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barik, D., and Vijayaraghavan, R. (2018). Effects of waste chicken fat derived biodiesel on the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. Int. J. Ambient Energy, 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2018.1451370"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Sarin, A. (2012). Biodiesel: Production and Properties, Royal Society of Chemistry. [2012th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.039","article-title":"Recent trends of biodiesel production from animal fat wastes and associated production techniques","volume":"45","author":"Adewale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00025-5","article-title":"Biodiesel production: A review","volume":"70","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118079","article-title":"A novel fuel based on biocompatible nanoparticles and ethanol-biodiesel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions","volume":"276","author":"Gundoshmian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2016.10.001","article-title":"Impacts of additives on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines during steady state operation","volume":"59","author":"Khalife","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112748","article-title":"Environment-friendly novel fuel additives: Investigation of the effects of graphite nanoparticles on performance and regulated gaseous emissions of CI engine","volume":"211","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2020.106406","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets as fuel additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel and biodiesel blend","volume":"204","author":"Chacko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, H., Soudagar, M.E.M., Kumar, R.H., Safaei, M.R., Farooq, M., Khidmatgar, A., Banapurmath, N.R., Farade, R.A., Abbas, M.M., and Afzal, A. (2020). Effect of Nano-Graphene Oxide and n-Butanol Fuel Additives Blended with Diesel\u2014Nigella sativa Biodiesel Fuel Emulsion on Diesel Engine Characteristics. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12060961"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alloune, R., Balistrou, M., Awad, S., Loubar, K., and Tazerout, M. (2017). Performance, combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics investigation using Citrullus colocynthis L. biodiesel in DI diesel engine. J. Energy Inst., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joei.2017.01.009"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118518","article-title":"Al2O3 nano additives blended Polanga biodiesel as a potential alternative fuel for existing unmodified DI diesel engine","volume":"279","author":"Venu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.07.140","article-title":"Enhancement in combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a biodiesel-fueled diesel engine by using water emulsion and nanoadditive","volume":"145","author":"Vellaiyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117116","article-title":"Performance improvement and exhaust emissions reduction in diesel engine through the use of graphene quantum dot (GQD) nanoparticles and ethanol- biodiesel blends","volume":"267","author":"Gundoshmian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.10.019","article-title":"The effect of nano-additives in diesel-biodiesel fuel blends: A comprehensive review on stability, engine performance and emission characteristics","volume":"178","author":"Soudagar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2017.03.002","article-title":"Potential and challenges for large-scale application of biodiesel in automotive sector","volume":"61","author":"Agarwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sivasaravanan, S., Devi, P.B., Nagaraj, M., Jeevahan, J.J., and Joseph, G.B. (2019). Influence of Rice Husk Nanoparticles on Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel and Neem Oil Biodiesel Blends in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine. Energy Sources Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1080\/15567036.2019.1693666"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.01.086","article-title":"A novel bio-nano emulsion fuel based on biodegradable nanoparticles to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions","volume":"125","author":"Ettefaghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kannaiyan, K., Sadr, R., and Kumaravel, V. (2019). Application of Nanoparticles in Clean Fuels. Nanostructured Materials for Energy Related Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-04500-5_9"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of nanoadditives on emission characteristics of engine fuelled with biodiesel","volume":"42","author":"Manigandan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2485","article-title":"Effect of nanoparticle on emission and performance characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with cashew nut shell biodiesel","volume":"40","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Recover. Util. Environ. Eff."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119094","article-title":"Effect of Sr@ZnO nanoparticles and Ricinus communis biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on modified CRDI diesel engine characteristics","volume":"215","author":"Soudagar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2011.05.0070","article-title":"Effect of Engine Load on Size and Number Distribution of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine","volume":"11","author":"Srivastava","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.118250","article-title":"Multi-functional fuel additive as a combustion catalyst for diesel and biodiesel in CI engine characteristics","volume":"278","author":"Ashok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2011.03.048","article-title":"Engine performance, exhaust emissions and combustion characteristics of a CI engine fuelled with croton megalocarpus methyl ester with antioxidant","volume":"90","author":"Kivevele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117387","article-title":"Combustion performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with iso -butanol\/biodiesel blends","volume":"268","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"25","article-title":"Sustainability of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles Blended Mahua Biodiesel to the Direct Injection Diesel Engine Performance and Emission Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Rastogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pollution"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103884","article-title":"Optimal utilization of ZnO nanoparticles blended diesel-water emulsion by varying compression ratio of a VCR diesel engine","volume":"8","author":"Vali","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117521","article-title":"Impact of various metal-oxide based nanoparticles and biodiesel blends on the combustion, performance, emission, vibration and noise characteristics of a CI engine","volume":"270","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041002","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4038708","article-title":"Effects of Iron Nanoparticle Fuel Additive on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With Diesel and Biodiesel","volume":"10","author":"Debbarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Therm. Sci. Eng. Appl."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.119091","article-title":"Influence of Al2O3nano additives in ternary fuel (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blends operated in a single cylinder diesel engine: Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics","volume":"215","author":"Venu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsep.2017.09.011","article-title":"Experimental Analysis on Performance of Diesel Engine using mixture of Diesel and Bio-Diesel as a Working Fuel with Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticle Additive","volume":"4","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Therm. Sci. Eng. Prog."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emission control strategy by adding alumina and cerium oxide nano particle in biodiesel","volume":"89","author":"Prabu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Energy Inst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.038","article-title":"Improvement of engine performance and emissions by biomass oil filter in diesel engine","volume":"235","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116844","article-title":"Engine\u2019s behavior on hydrogen addition of waste cooking oil fueled light duty diesel engine\u2014A dual fuel approach","volume":"194","author":"Raju","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purushothaman, P., Masimalai, S., and Subramani, V. (2020). Effective utilization of mahua oil blended with optimum amount of Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles for better performance in CI engine. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07926-x"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/2\/265\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:20:16Z","timestamp":1760160016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/2\/265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13020265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13020265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]}}}