{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:07:16Z","timestamp":1775736436247,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Climate change and air pollution are among the key drivers of energy transition worldwide. The adoption of renewable resources can act as a peacemaker and give stability regarding the damaging effects of fossil fuels challenging public health as well as the tension made between countries in global prices of oil and gas. Understanding the potential and capabilities to produce renewable energy resources is a crucial pre-requisite for countries to utilize them and to scale up clean and stable sources of electricity generation. This paper presents a hybrid methodology that combines the data envelopment analysis (DEA) Window model, and fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (FTOPSIS) in order to evaluate the capabilities of 42 countries in terms of renewable energy production potential. Based on three inputs (population, total energy consumption, and total renewable energy capacity) and two outputs (gross domestic product and total energy production), DEA window analysis chose the list of potential countries, including Norway, United Kingdom, Kuwait, Australia, Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, United States, Japan, Colombia, and Italy. Following that, the FTOPSIS model pointed out the top three countries (United States, Japan, and Australia) that have the greatest capabilities in producing renewable energies based on five main criteria, which are available resources, energy security, technological infrastructure, economic stability, and social acceptance. This paper aims to offer an evaluation method for countries to understand their potential of renewable energy production in designing stimulus packages for a cleaner energy future, thereby accelerating sustainable development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13020334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T21:59:58Z","timestamp":1613685598000},"page":"334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Assessing Renewable Energy Production Capabilities Using DEA Window and Fuzzy TOPSIS Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2374-3830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8559-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thanh-Tuan","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Hong Bang International University, Ho Chi Minh 723000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1905-3562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hector","family":"Tibo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Technological University of the Philippines Taguig, Taguig 1630, Philippines"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-404X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duy-Hung","family":"Duong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2021, January 30). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available online: https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/05\/SYR_AR5_FINAL_full_wcover.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, January 30). Global Climate Change Indicators, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/monitoring-references\/faq\/indicators.php."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., and Midgley, P.M. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IRENA (2021, January 30). Climate Change and Renewable Energy. Available online: https:\/\/www.irena.org\/-\/media\/Files\/IRENA\/Agency\/Publication\/2019\/Jun\/IRENA_G20_climate_sustainability_2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.087","article-title":"Greenhouse gas emissions from renewable energy sources: A review of lifecycle considerations","volume":"39","author":"Amponsah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omega.2018.07.004","article-title":"Generalised framework for multi-criteria method selection","volume":"86","author":"Jankowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Omega"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2021, February 11). MCDA Method Selection Tools. Available online: http:\/\/mcda.it\/."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3846\/20294913.2012.762950","article-title":"Evaluation of renewable energy alternatives using MACBETH and fuzzy AHP multicriteria methods: The case of Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Ertay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technol. Econ. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.09.125","article-title":"A soft computing based-modified ELECTRE model for renewable energy policy selection with unknown information","volume":"68","author":"Mousavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.10.046","article-title":"Determination of most suitable low-emission energy technologies development in Poland using integrated fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS method","volume":"153","author":"Ligus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4018\/IJSESD.2018010102","article-title":"Analysis of solar farm site selection based on TOPSIS approach","volume":"9","author":"Nazari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Ecol. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2019.101861","article-title":"Strategic renewable energy resources selection for Pakistan: Based on SWOT-Fuzzy AHP approach","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.05.071","article-title":"Construction of a responsible investment composite index for renewable energy industry","volume":"51","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.05.032","article-title":"Sustainable energy development index: A multi-dimensional indicator for measuring sustainable energy development","volume":"50","author":"Iddrisu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00eerstea, S.D., Moldovan-Teselios, C., C\u00eerstea, A., Turcu, A.C., and Darab, C.P. (2018). Evaluating renewable energy sustainability by composite index. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10030811"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Nguyen, V.T., Thai, H.T.N., and Duong, D.H. (2018). Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) Approaches for solar power plant location selection in Vietnam. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061504"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.10.045","article-title":"Fuzzy TOPSIS method for ranking renewable energy supply systems in Turkey","volume":"75","author":"Eren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.11.081","article-title":"Multicriteria decision making in energy planning using a modified fuzzy TOPSIS methodology","volume":"38","author":"Kaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, L., Xu, D., Hu, L., and Wang, L. (2017). Economic feasibility analysis for renewable energy project using an integrated tfn\u2013ahp\u2013DEA approach on the basis of consumer utility. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10122089"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Shao, S., and Zhang, F. (2018). An analysis of the multi-criteria decision-making problem for distributed energy systems. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092453"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2019.09.153","article-title":"Feasibility study of renewable energy sources for developing the hydrogen economy in Pakistan","volume":"45","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2017.06.063","article-title":"The analysis of energy efficiency of the Mediterranean countries: A two-stage double bootstrap DEA approach","volume":"134","author":"Jebali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-7655(00)00030-0","article-title":"Environmental efficiency and regulatory standards: The case of CO2 emissions from OECD industries","volume":"23","author":"Prieto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Resour. Energy Econ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2014.04.109","article-title":"Dynamic environmental efficiency evaluation of electric power industries: Evidence from OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) and BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries","volume":"74","author":"Xie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2014.02.009","article-title":"Environmental efficiency analysis of port cities: Slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis ap-proach","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.01.038","article-title":"A new frontier approach to model the eco-efficiency in European countries","volume":"103","author":"Moutinho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.322","article-title":"Assessing eco-efficiency through the DEA analysis and decoupling index in the Latin America countries","volume":"205","author":"Moutinho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.145","article-title":"Assessing 28 EU member states\u2019 environmental efficiency in national waste generation with DEA","volume":"208","author":"Halkos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.06.069","article-title":"Energy and environmental efficiency of OECD countries in the context of the circular economy: Common weight analysis for malmquist productivity index","volume":"247","author":"Mavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.03.070","article-title":"The static and dynamic environmental efficiency of renewable energy: A Malmquist index analysis of OECD countries","volume":"47","author":"Woo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.076","article-title":"Total-factor carbon emission performance of the Chinese transportation industry: A bootstrapped non-radial Malmquist index analysis","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirjat, N.H., Uqaili, M.A., Harijan, K., Mustafa, M.W., Rahman, M., and Khan, M.W.A. (2018). Multi-criteria analysis of electricity generation scenarios for sustainable energy planning in Pakistan. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11040757"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.04.046","article-title":"Multi-criteria evaluation of renewable energy alternatives for electricity generation in a residential building","volume":"110","author":"Seddiki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2020.113321","article-title":"An AHP-based multi-criteria model for sustainable supply chain development in the renewable energy sector","volume":"150","author":"Mastrocinque","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siksnelyte, I., and Zavadskas, E.K. (2019). Achievements of the European Union countries in seeking a sustainable electricity sector. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12122254"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano-Gomez, L., and Munoz-Hernandez, J.I. (2019). Monte Carlo approach to fuzzy AHP risk analysis in renewable energy construction projects. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215943"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babatunde, O.M., Munda, J.L., and Hamam, Y. (2019). Selection of a hybrid renewable energy systems for a low-income household. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164282"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120352","article-title":"A novel approach to extended fuzzy TOPSIS based on new divergence measures for renewable energy sources selection","volume":"257","author":"Rani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.266","article-title":"Measurement and evolution of eco-efficiency of coal industry ecosystem in China","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.10.034","article-title":"Environmental efficiency of investments in renewable energy: Comparative analysis at macroeconomic level","volume":"30","author":"Cicea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.02.042","article-title":"The economic and environmental efficiency assessment in EU cross-country: Evidence from DEA and quantile regression approach","volume":"78","author":"Moutinho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2006.12.033","article-title":"Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non-OECD economies","volume":"35","author":"Chien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.09.128","article-title":"The moderating role of renewable and non-renewable energy in environment-income nexus for ASEAN countries: Evidence from Method of Moments Quantile Regression","volume":"164","author":"Anwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.02.051","article-title":"Multicriteria renewable energy planning using an integrated fuzzy VIKOR & AHP methodology: The case of Istanbul","volume":"35","author":"Kaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2017.08.016","article-title":"Exploration of PROMETHEE II and VIKOR methodology in a MCDM approach for ascertaining the optimal performance-emission trade-off vantage in a hydrogen-biohol dual fuel endeavour","volume":"210","author":"Debbarma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.06.007","article-title":"Renewable energy sources: Using PROMETHEE II for ranking websites to support market opportunities","volume":"131","author":"Andreopoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2020.101548","article-title":"An internal type-2 trapezoidal fuzzy sets-Promethee-II based investment decision framework of compressed air energy storage project in china under the perspective of different investors","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.116676","article-title":"The comprehensive evaluation of renewable energy system schemes in tourist resorts based on VIKOR method","volume":"193","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.05.091","article-title":"A robust decision making approach for hydrogen power plant site selection utilizing (R, S)-Norm Pythagorean Fuzzy information measures based on VIKOR and TOPSIS method","volume":"45","author":"Guleria","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrog. Energy"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2020.08.062","article-title":"Ranking of renewable energy sources for regions in Turkey by fuzzy entropy based fuzzy COPRAS and fuzzy MULTIMOORA","volume":"162","author":"Alkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.08.011","article-title":"An integrated solution with SWARA&COPRAS methods in renewable energy production: City selection for biogas facility","volume":"145","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2005.12.001","article-title":"Slacks-based efficiency measures for modeling environmental performance","volume":"60","author":"Zhou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.03.024","article-title":"Efficiency and abatement costs of energy-related CO2 emissions in China: A slacks-based efficiency measure","volume":"98","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.07.042","article-title":"GIS-based solar farms site selection using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in Karapinar region, Konya\/Turkey","volume":"28","author":"Uyan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2007.05.041","article-title":"The electricity production capacity of photovoltaic power plants and the selection of solar energy sites in Andalusia (Spain)","volume":"33","author":"Estrella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.01.087","article-title":"Spatial matching of large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power generation with utility demand in Peninsular Malaysia","volume":"191","author":"Sabo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Idris, R., and Latif, Z.A. (2012, January 16\u201317). GIS multi-criteria for power plant site selection. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium, Shah Alam, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSGRC.2012.6287162"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5730","DOI":"10.3390\/su6095730","article-title":"Development of a geographical information system (GIS) For the integration of solar energy in the energy planning of a wide area","volume":"6","author":"Massimo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"49","article-title":"Site selection of wind power plant using multi-criteria decision-making methods in GIS: A case study","volume":"7","author":"Chamanehpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Ecol. Softw."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.11.1001","article-title":"Impact of the renewable energy sources on the energy security","volume":"61","author":"Augutis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2019.100001","article-title":"Energy security in Andalusia: The role of renewable energy sources","volume":"1","author":"Bekhrad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.03.012","article-title":"Role of renewable energy in China\u2019s energy security and climate change mitigation: An index decomposition analysis","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.12.036","article-title":"Energy security in Israel and Jordan: The role of renewable energy sources","volume":"135","author":"Hamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.04.069","article-title":"Energy security and renewable energy deployment in the EU: Liaisons dangereuses or virtuous circle?","volume":"62","author":"Lucas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.07.020","article-title":"Multi-criteria decision-making in the location selection for a solar PV power plant using AHP","volume":"129","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demirel, T., and Yalcinn, U. (2008, January 21\u201324). Multi-criteria wind power plant location selection using fuzzy AHP. Proceedings of the 8th International FLINS Conference, Madrid, Spain.","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812799470_0174"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"120","article-title":"Location selection for wind plant using AHP and axiomatic design in fuzzy environment","volume":"6","author":"Toklu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Period. Eng. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Kengpol, A., Rontlaong, P., and Tuominen, M. (August, January 29). Design of a decision support system for site selection using fuzzy AHP: A case study of solar power plant in north eastern parts of Thailand. Proceedings of the PICMET12: Technology Management for Emerging Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Hsueh, M.-H., and Lin, D.-F. (2019). Hydrogen power plant site selection under fuzzy multicriteria decision-making (FMCDM) environment conditions. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11040596"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Talinli, I., Topuz, E., Aydin, E., and Kabakc\u0131, S.B. (2021, January 30). A Holistic Approach for Wind Farm Site Selection by FAHP. IntechOpen. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/221912736_A_Holistic_Approach_for_Wind_Farm_Site_Selection_by_Using_FAHP."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2006.12.001","article-title":"Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept","volume":"35","author":"Wolsink","year":"2007","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02070","article-title":"Assessment of environmental impact of biomass power plants to increase the social acceptance of renewable energy technologies","volume":"5","author":"Paletto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Dang, T.-T., Nguyen, N.-A.-T., and Le, T.-T.-H. (2020). Supporting better decision-making: A combined grey model and data envelopment analysis for efficiency evaluation in e-commerce marketplaces. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su122410385"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Nguyen, T.-L., and Dang, T.-T. (2021). Analyzing operational efficiency in real estate companies: An application of GM (1,1) And DEA malmquist model. Mathematics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/math9030202"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.07.011","article-title":"A DEA window analysis on the product family mix selection for a semiconductor fabricator","volume":"35","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, P. (1992). Data envelopment analysis and commercial bank performance: A primer with applications to Missouri banks. Review, 74.","DOI":"10.20955\/r.74.31-45"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C.-N., Viet, V.T.H., Ho, T.P., Nguyen, V.T., and Nguyen, V.T. (2020). Multi-criteria decision model for the selection of suppliers in the textile industry. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12060979"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(97)00377-1","article-title":"Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision-making under fuzzy environment","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"(2021, January 12). Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2020. Available online: https:\/\/yearbook.enerdata.net\/."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"(2021, January 12). IRENA-International Renewable Energy Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.irena.org\/."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2021, January 12). The Workbank Database. Available online: https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/home.aspx."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"(2021, January 30). Covid-19: The Impact on Renewable Energy. Available online: https:\/\/energyeconomicgrowth.org\/blog\/covid-19-impact-renewable-energy."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"(2021, January 30). Renewable Energy Production and Consumption in the United States from 1975 to 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/224747\/renewable-energy-production-and-consumption-in-the-us."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2021, January 30). Australia Leading the World in Deploying Renewable Energy. Available online: https:\/\/www.anu.edu.au\/news\/all-news\/australia-leading-the-world-in-deploying-renewable-energy."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2020.01.011","article-title":"Analysis of the robustness of energy supply in Japan: Role of renewable energy","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2021, January 30). Covid-19 Crisis Reinforces the Importance of the Sustainable Energy Transition. Available online: https:\/\/www.unescap.org\/blog\/covid-19-crisis-reinforces-importance-sustainable-energy-transition."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/2\/334\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:25:38Z","timestamp":1760160338000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/2\/334"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13020334"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13020334","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]}}}