{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T01:50:40Z","timestamp":1769910640579,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1613606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009042","name":"Universidad de Sevilla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CONV-822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CONV-822"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009042","name":"Universidad de Sevilla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VIPPIT-2019-II.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIPPIT-2019-II.3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009042","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Engineering graphics are present in the design stage, but also constitute a way to communicate, analyse, and synthesise. In the Architecture-Engineering-Construction sector, graphical data become essential in analysing buildings and constructions throughout their lifecycles, such as in the thermal behaviour assessment of building envelopes. Scientific research has addressed the thermal image mapping onto three-dimensional (3D) models for visualisation and analysis. However, the 3D point cloud data creation of buildings\u2019 thermal behaviour directly from rectified infrared thermography (IRT) thermograms is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this paper develops an open-source software graphical method to produce 3D thermal data from IRT images for temperature visualisation and subsequent analysis. This low-cost approach uses both a geographic information system for the thermographic image rectification and the point clouds production, and 3D point cloud processing software. The methodology has been proven useful to obtain, without perspective distortions, 3D thermograms even from non-radiometric raster images. The results also revealed that non-rectangular thermograms enable over 95% of the 3D thermal data generated from IRT against rectangular shapes (over 85%). Finally, the 3D thermal data produced allow further thermal behaviour assessment, including calculating the object\u2019s heat loss and thermal transmittance for diverse applications such as energy audits, restoration, monitoring, or product quality control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13020335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]],"date-time":"2021-02-18T21:59:58Z","timestamp":1613685598000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Engineering Graphics for Thermal Assessment: 3D Thermal Data Visualisation Based on Infrared Thermography, GIS and 3D Point Cloud Processing Software"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4267-2433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ant\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group \u2018TEP970: Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica, Sistemas de Modelado 3D y Diagnosis Energ\u00e9tica en Patrimonio y Edificaci\u00f3n\u2019, Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica e Ingenier\u00eda en la Edificaci\u00f3n, Escuela T\u00e9cnica Superior de Ingenier\u00eda de Edificaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Sevilla, 4A Reina Mercedes Avenue, 41012 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"The Creative and Virtual Technologies Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Design and the Built Environment, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1218-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-L\u00e1zaro","family":"Amaro-Mellado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Gr\u00e1fica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Geogr\u00e1fico Nacional\u2014Servicio Regional en Andaluc\u00eda, 41013 Seville, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Developing 3D spatial visualization skills","volume":"63","author":"Sorby","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eng. 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