{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:55:28Z","timestamp":1760234128863,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the study was the application of high-tech wind tunnel device to identify the changes in the biokinetic parameters of running performed on the specially designed treadmill. The research was carried out in the \u201cPlanica Nordic Centre\u2014PNC\u201d in the wind tunnel system, where the AirRunner Assault treadmill, which was equipped with four sensors measuring the vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces, was installed. To obtain biokinetic data, the runners performed the treadmill\u2019s run under conditions of airflow directed at each participant\u2019s back (backwind speeds +3 m\/s and +5 m\/s) and the chest (headwind speeds \u22125 m\/s and \u22127 m\/s). The runner\u2019s speed was measured via image analysis using a DSLR camera and markers on the belt of the treadmill. Additionally, a high-speed camera synchronised to the force acquisition system was used to analyse the contact phase via comparison of foot placement and time series of the ground reaction forces. The contact phases of the running step were found to be longer than the flight phases, with their duration ranging from 0.15 to 0.20 s and the maximum forces at take-off were found to be greater than when running with the backwind. It should be noted that the application of high-tech devices wind tunnel and treadmill were found to be sufficiently accurate to perform kinetic measurements of running parameters in changing conditions, such as resistance and assistance (facilitating).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13030505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,21]],"date-time":"2021-03-21T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1616370461000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Wind Tunnel Device for Evaluation of Biokinetic Parameters of Running"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Brane","family":"\u0160irok","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Asker\u010deva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jurij","family":"Gosti\u0161a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Asker\u010deva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matej","family":"Se\u010dnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Asker\u010deva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6750-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Mackala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Track and Field, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Ul. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milan","family":"\u010coh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1980.48.4.702","article-title":"Effects of wind assistance and resistance on the forward motion of a runner","volume":"48","author":"Davis","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Training for the improvement of maximum speed: Flat running or resistance training?","volume":"15","author":"Saraslanidis","year":"2000","journal-title":"New Stud. Athl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181a04de9","article-title":"Determinants of time to fatigue during nonmotorized treadmill exercise","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.09.017","article-title":"Automated gait temporal-spatial assessment fromnon-motorized treadmill belt speed data","volume":"41","author":"Fullenkamp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2014.986502","article-title":"The validity of endurance running performance on the Curve 3TM non-motorised treadmill","volume":"33","author":"Stevens","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"104","article-title":"Reliability of the Woodway curve non-motorized treadmill for assessing anaerobic performance","volume":"12","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000316","article-title":"Speed, force, and power values produced from nonmotorized treadmill test are related to sprinting performance","volume":"28","author":"Mangine","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Rae, W.H., and Pope, A. (1984). Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2015). Wind-Tunnel Model Systems Criteria, Langley Research Center."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"69","article-title":"Errors and problems while conducting research studies in wind tunnel-selected examples","volume":"4","author":"Placek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Aviat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1299\/kikaib.73.1975","article-title":"Aerodynamic effects by marathon pacemakers on a main runner","volume":"73","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.04.007","article-title":"Precise aerodynamic measurement of track runner using a wind-tunnel moving-belt system","volume":"34","author":"Hirata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Wind-tunnel experiment on aerodynamic characteristics of a runner using a moving-belt system","volume":"3","author":"Tatsuya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogent Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"94","article-title":"Force-Time Characteristics and Running Velocity of Male Sprinters during the Acceleration Phase of Sprinting","volume":"59","author":"Mero","year":"1988","journal-title":"Res. Q."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"36","article-title":"Essential consideration for development of teaching model for 100 m sprints","volume":"1","author":"Gambetta","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Stud. Athl."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"51","article-title":"The development of stride lenght and frequency in sprinting","volume":"10","author":"Donatti","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Stud. Athl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1804-0","article-title":"Sprint running performance: Comparison between treadmill and field conditions","volume":"111","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.03.012","article-title":"Direct measurement of power during one single sprint on treadmill","volume":"43","author":"Morin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(97)00038-6","article-title":"The biomechanics of running","volume":"7","author":"Novacheck","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199213060-00002","article-title":"Biomechanics of Sprint Running","volume":"13","author":"Mero","year":"1992","journal-title":"Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-197621000-00022","article-title":"Aerodynamic drag analysis of runners","volume":"8","author":"Shanebrook","year":"1976","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/00140137908924623","article-title":"Reduction of wind resistance and power output of racing cyclists and runners travelling in groups","volume":"22","author":"Kyle","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000853","article-title":"Acute effects of plyometric intervention\u2014Performance improvement and related changes in sprinting gait variability","volume":"29","author":"Fostiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1980.10605202","article-title":"A kinetic analysis of the ground leg during sprint running","volume":"51","author":"Mann","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res. Q. Exerc. Sport"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198706000-00014","article-title":"Electromyographic activity in sprinting at speed ranging from sub-maximal to supra-maximal","volume":"19","author":"Mero","year":"1987","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.21.2.167","article-title":"A simple method for measuring stiffness during running","volume":"21","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421627","article-title":"Force-, power- and elasticity-velocity relationship in walking, running and jumping","volume":"44","author":"Luhtanen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"326","article-title":"Sprint Running Mechanics New technology, new concepts, new perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Morin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aspetar Sports Med. J."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"89","article-title":"Laboratory strength assessment of athletes","volume":"10","author":"Young","year":"1995","journal-title":"New Stud. Athl."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"274","article-title":"Leg strength and stiffness as ability factors in 100 m sprint running","volume":"42","author":"Bret","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"57","article-title":"A model for the scientific preparation of high level sprinters","volume":"7","author":"Delecluse","year":"1992","journal-title":"New Stud. Athl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01700","article-title":"Sprint running: A new energetic approach","volume":"208","author":"Prampero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"349","article-title":"Strength and power predictors of sports speed","volume":"19","author":"Cronin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636110-00004","article-title":"The Stretch-Shortening Cycle","volume":"36","author":"Nicol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Hay, J. (1993). The Biomechanics of Sports Techniques, Prentice Hall. [4th ed.]."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/3\/505\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:38:10Z","timestamp":1760161090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/3\/505"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13030505"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13030505","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]}}}