{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T15:45:58Z","timestamp":1772898358018,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of scientific research, king khalid university","award":["RGP 1.2\/101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP 1.2\/101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nano aluminum oxide was prepared by the combustion method using aluminum nitrate as the oxidizer and urea as a fuel. Characterization of synthesized materials was performed using SEM (scanning electron microscope), powder XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), and TEM (transmission electron microscope). Al-Mg\/Al2O3 (2, 4, 6, and 8 wt%) metal matrix nanocomposites were prepared by liquid metallurgy route-vertex technique. The homogeneous dispersion of nano Al2O3 particles in Al-Mg\/Al2O3 metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) was revealed from the field emission SEM analysis. The reinforcement particles present in the matrix were analyzed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy method. The properties (corrosion and mechanical) of the fabricated composites were evaluated. The mechanical and corrosion properties of the prepared nanocomposites initially increased and then decreased with the addition of nano Al2O3 particles in Al-Mg Matrix. The studies show that, the presence of 6 wt% of nano Al2O3 particles in the matrix improved the properties of other combinations of nano Al2O3 in the Al-Mg matrix material. Further, the Al-Mg\/Al2O3 (6 wt%) MMNCs are joined by friction stir welding and evaluated for microstructural, mechanical, and corrosion properties. Al-Mg\/Al2O3 MMNCs may find applications in the marine field. The response surface method (RSM) was used for the optimization of tensile strength, Young\u2019s modulus, and microhardness of the synthesized material which resulted in a 95% of statistical confidence level. Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis was also carried out which perfectly predicted these two properties. The ANN model is optimized to obtain 99.9% accurate predictions by changing the number of neurons in the hidden layer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13040537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T21:09:45Z","timestamp":1616706585000},"page":"537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Mechanical and Corrosion Studies of Friction Stir Welded Nano Al2O3 Reinforced Al-Mg Matrix Composites: RSM-ANN Modelling Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chandrashekar","family":"A.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560004, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. V.","family":"Chaluvaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru 560004, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2961-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asif","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Mangalore 574153, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis A.","family":"Vinnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Crystal Growth, South Ural State University (National Research University), Lenin Prospect 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7985-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Razak","family":"Kaladgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, P. A. College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Mangalore 574153, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sagr","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, PO Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3705-4371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahamed Saleel","family":"C.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, PO Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8208-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vineet","family":"Tirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, PO Box 394, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physb.2010.06.002","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and photoluminescence properties of Gd2O3: Eu3+ nanophosphors prepared by solution combustion method","volume":"410","author":"Dhananjaya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. B Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2014.05.082","article-title":"GdAlO3: Eu3+: Bi3+ nanophosphor: Synthesis and enhancement of red emission for WLEDs","volume":"133","author":"Shilpa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jascer.2016.05.009","article-title":"Effect of fuels on conductivity, dielectric and humidity sensing properties of ZrO2 nanocrystals prepared by low temperature solution combustion method","volume":"3","author":"Madhusudhana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jascer.2015.07.001","article-title":"Synthesis, characterizations, antibacterial and photoluminescence studies of solution combustion-derived \u03b1-Al2O3 nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Prashanth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnsc.2012.11.008","article-title":"Enhanced photocatalytic activity of sponge-like ZnFe2O4 synthesized by solution combustion method","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jascer.2016.04.002","article-title":"Influence of ceramic particulate type on microstructure and tensile strength of aluminum matrix composites produced using friction stir processing","volume":"4","author":"Dinaharan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Asian Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.07.071","article-title":"A review of friction stir welding of aluminium matrix composites","volume":"86","author":"Salih","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2013.09.067","article-title":"Characterization of friction stir welded boron carbide particulate reinforced AA6061 aluminum alloy stir cast composite","volume":"55","author":"Kalaiselvan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03002","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201814403002","article-title":"Friction stir welding of Aluminium matrix composites\u2014A Review","volume":"144","author":"Subramanya","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/10426914.2018.1532094","article-title":"Joining of metal matrix composites using friction stir welding: A review","volume":"34","author":"Parikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Thomas, W.M. (1991). Friction Stir Butt Welding, International Patent Application No. PCT\/GB92. (9,125,978,8), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2003.08.002","article-title":"Residual stress effects on near-threshold fatigue crack growth in friction stir welds in aerospace alloys","volume":"25","author":"John","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"405","article-title":"The Effect of Post Heat Treatment on The Fatigue Behavior of friction Stir Welded Aluminum 6013 Alloy for use in Aerospace Structures","volume":"8","author":"Hasim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Int. Sci. Publ. Mater. Methods Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Schneider, J., Nunes, A.C., and Brendel, M.S. (2010, January 18\u201320). The Influence of Friction Stir Weld Tool form and Welding Parameters on Weld Structure and Properties: Nugget Bulge in Self-Reacting Friction Stir Welds. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, Timmendorfer Strand, Germany."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"17","article-title":"Mechanical and microstructural characterisation of an aluminum friction stir-welded butt joint","volume":"20","author":"Falchero","year":"2002","journal-title":"Metall. Sci. Tecnol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.03.010","article-title":"Effect of microstructural evolution on mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA2009\/SiCp composite","volume":"68","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ACMA.0000035478.71092.ec","article-title":"Friction stir welding of ceramic particle reinforced aluminium based metal matrix composites","volume":"11","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-012-0176-5","article-title":"Effect of heat input on mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction stir welded AA6061-10% SiCp MMCs","volume":"21","author":"Periyasamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2012.02.085","article-title":"Effect of friction stir welding on microstructure, mechanical and wear properties of AA6061\/ZrB2 in situ cast composites","volume":"543","author":"Dinaharan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mspro.2014.07.548","article-title":"Effect of Graphite addition on surface roughness during turning of AA 7075-ZrB2 in-situ metal matrix composites","volume":"5","author":"Sivasankaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.11.260","article-title":"Latest research development in aluminum matrix with particulate reinforcement composites\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Thirumoorthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"73","article-title":"Microstructure and hardness distribution in friction stir welded Al6061-TiB2 in-situ metal matrix composite","volume":"2","author":"Keshavamurthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Prod. Eng."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2010.11.065","article-title":"Characterization of AZ91\/alumina nanocomposite produced by FSP","volume":"528","author":"Ghader","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/20550324.2020.1776504","article-title":"Effects of Al2O3 nanoparticles volume fractions on microstructural and mechanical characteristics of friction stir welded nanocomposites","volume":"6","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanocomposites"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-1446-z","article-title":"Effect of SiC and TiC nanoparticle reinforcement on the microstructure, microhardness, and tensile performance of AA6082-T6 friction stir welds","volume":"95","author":"Karakizis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025052","DOI":"10.1088\/2631-8695\/ab5e27","article-title":"Production of AA6061-T6\/Al2O3 reinforced nanocomposite using friction stir welding","volume":"1","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Res. Express"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2011.04.048","article-title":"Fabrication of 5052Al\/Al2O3 nanoceramic particle reinforced composite via friction stir processing route","volume":"32","author":"Sharifitabar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-018-3277-y","article-title":"Wear behavior of AZ31\/Al2O3 magnesium matrix surface nanocomposite fabricated via friction stir processing","volume":"27","author":"Azizieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.01.018","article-title":"Influence of tool pin profile on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of friction stir welded Al\u201310 wt.% TiB2 metal matrix composite","volume":"31","author":"Vijay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"6491","article-title":"Effect of microstructural changes on mechanical properties of friction stir welded nano SiC reinforced AA6061composite","volume":"2","author":"Nandipati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.10.059","article-title":"Studies on the effect of welding parameters for friction stir welded AA6082 reinforced with Aluminium oxide","volume":"20","author":"Ejaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.04.432","article-title":"Study on Mechanical and microstructural characteristics of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Matrix composite","volume":"24","author":"Arun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2019.08.193","article-title":"Electro chemical response of stir zone in friction stir welded AA7075-T651 joint in sodium chloride solution","volume":"22","author":"Prabhuraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, R.K., Bharti, A., Tripathi, H., Kumar, N., and Saxena, K.K. (2021). A re-investigation of mechanical properties of aluminium-based surface composites prepared by friction stir processing. Mater. Today Proc.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.12.1220"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Rao, D.S., and Trinadh, S.S. (2021). Improvements in mechanical properties of aluminium alloy-titanium di boride and boron carbide hybrid composite produced through friction stir processing route. Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.06.072","article-title":"Prediction and optimization of wear resistance of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminum alloy","volume":"38","author":"Palanivel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3002","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02385660","article-title":"Structure of oxide gels and glasses by infrared and Raman scattering, Part 1 Alumina","volume":"24","author":"Colomban","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02385661","article-title":"Structure of oxide gels and glasses by Infrared and Raman Scattering, Part 2 Mullites","volume":"24","author":"Colomban","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S1003-6326(13)62507-8","article-title":"Role of friction stir welding parameters on tensile strength of AA6061\u2013B4C composite joints","volume":"23","author":"Kalaiselvan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.09.202","article-title":"An experimental analysis and optimization of process parameter on friction stir welding of AA 6061-T6 aluminum alloy using RSM","volume":"64","author":"Elatharasan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2014.03.003","article-title":"Microstructural and corrosion behavior of Al\/SiC metal matrix composites","volume":"5","author":"Zakaria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ain. Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"640","article-title":"Stress Corrosion Studies of Aluminium 6013-Red Mud Metal Matrix Composites","volume":"7","author":"Chandrashekara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chem. Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"107","article-title":"Corrosion studies of silicon carbide (sic) reinforced aluminium 7075 metal matrix composites (mmcs) in acidic and alkaline media","volume":"4","author":"Rashmi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Fac. Eng. Hunedoara-Int. J. Eng."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5637","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004476501524","article-title":"Pitting behavior of SiCp\/2024 Al metal matrix composites","volume":"33","author":"Feng","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/4\/537\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:41:03Z","timestamp":1760161263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/4\/537"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13040537"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13040537","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]}}}