{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T06:26:08Z","timestamp":1781331968531,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["433052568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["433052568"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["027\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["027\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the feasibility of using an X-ray tube instead of radioisotope sources for measuring volume fractions of gas, oil, and water in two typical flow regimes of three-phase flows, namely, annular and stratified, is evaluated. This study\u2019s proposed detection system is composed of an X-ray tube, a 1 inch \u00d7 1 inch NaI detector, and one Pyrex-glass pipe to model different volume fractions for two flow regimes, annular and stratified. Group method of data handling (GMDH), a powerful regression tool, was also implemented to analyze the obtained data. The obtained results in this work indicate that a simple system based on an X-ray tube and just one NaI detector could be a potential alternative to radioisotope-based systems for separate measurements of gas, oil, and water volume fractions in annular and stratified flow regimes of a three-phase flow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13040613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]],"date-time":"2021-04-06T10:34:12Z","timestamp":1617705252000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Feasibility Study of Using X-ray Tube and GMDH for Measuring Volume Fractions of Annular and Stratified Regimes in Three-Phase Flows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3328-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gholam Hossein","family":"Roshani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah 6715685420, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0471-5172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peshawa Jammal","family":"Muhammad Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Koya University, Koya KOY45, Kurdistan Region-F.R. Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5713-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shivan","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Zakho, Zakho-Box 12, Kurdistan Region of Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8595-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Hanus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rzesz\u00f3w University of Technology, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lokman","family":"Abdulkareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Zakho, Zakho-Box 12, Kurdistan Region of Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9212-3646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan Alhathal","family":"Alanezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, College of Technological Studies, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training (PAAET), P.O. BOX 42325, Shuwaikh 70654, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5457-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Nazemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imec-Vision Lab, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1480-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Eftekhari-Zadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El Mostafa","family":"Kalmoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wolfgang, R., Eckart, M., Ludwig, R.H., and GEA Group AG (1968). 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