{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T23:00:02Z","timestamp":1780527602337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT 203148\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT 203148\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2020-926"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2020-926"]}]},{"name":"China Scholarship Council","award":["201906230032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201906230032"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["11972231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11972231"]}]},{"name":"British Heart Foundation","award":["PG\/15\/104\/31913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PG\/15\/104\/31913"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is usually asymptomatic until rupture, which is associated with extremely high mortality. Consequently, the early detection of AAAs is of paramount importance in reducing mortality; however, most AAAs are detected by medical imaging only incidentally. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of machine learning-based pulse wave (PW) analysis for the early detection of AAAs using a database of in silico PWs. PWs in the large systemic arteries were simulated using one-dimensional blood flow modelling. A database of in silico PWs representative of subjects (aged 55, 65 and 75 years) with different AAA sizes was created by varying the AAA-related parameters with major impacts on PWs\u2014identified by parameter sensitivity analysis\u2014in an existing database of in silico PWs representative of subjects without AAAs. Then, a machine learning architecture for AAA detection was trained and tested using the new in silico PW database. The parameter sensitivity analysis revealed that the AAA maximum diameter and stiffness of the large systemic arteries were the dominant AAA-related biophysical properties considerably influencing the PWs. However, AAA detection by PW indexes was compromised by other non-AAA related cardiovascular parameters. The proposed machine learning model produced a sensitivity of 86.8 % and a specificity of 86.3 % in early detection of AAA from the photoplethysmogram PW signal measured in the digital artery with added random noise. The number of false positive and negative results increased with increasing age and decreasing AAA size, respectively. These findings suggest that machine learning-based PW analysis is a promising approach for AAA screening using PW signals acquired by wearable devices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13050804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T22:51:42Z","timestamp":1620255102000},"page":"804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Machine Learning-Based Pulse Wave Analysis for Early Detection of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Using In Silico Pulse Waves"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5289-4737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EU, UK"},{"name":"School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-2470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weiwei","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyou","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"World-Class Research Center, Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3742-5259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Alastruey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 7EU, UK"},{"name":"World-Class Research Center, Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66459-8","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm","volume":"365","author":"Sakalihasan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000245819.32762.cb","article-title":"Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Pathogenesis and implications for management","volume":"26","author":"Golledge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. 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