{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T13:18:56Z","timestamp":1771679936479,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62041302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62041302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automatic segmentation of the lungs in Chest X-ray images (CXRs) is a key step in the screening and diagnosis of related diseases. There are many opacities in the lungs in the CXRs of patients, which makes the lungs difficult to segment. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a segmentation algorithm based on U-Net. This article introduces variational auto-encoder (VAE) in each layer of the decoder-encoder. VAE can extract high-level semantic information, such as the symmetrical relationship between the left and right thoraxes in most cases. The fusion of the features of VAE and the features of convolution can improve the ability of the network to extract features. This paper proposes a three-terminal attention mechanism. The attention mechanism uses the channel and spatial attention module to automatically highlight the target area and improve the performance of lung segmentation. At the same time, the three-terminal attention mechanism uses the advanced semantics of high-scale features to improve the positioning and recognition capabilities of the attention mechanism, suppress background noise, and highlight target features. Experimental results on two different datasets show that the accuracy (ACC), recall (R), F1-Score and Jaccard values of the algorithm proposed in this paper are the highest on the two datasets, indicating that the algorithm in this paper is better than other state-of-the-art algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13050814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T22:36:24Z","timestamp":1620426984000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Automatic Lung Segmentation Algorithm on Chest X-ray Images Based on Fusion Variational Auto-Encoder and Three-Terminal Attention Mechanism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9000-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feidao","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Process, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, Liaoning, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7772-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaici","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Information Process, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, Liaoning, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpaic.2017.11.003","article-title":"Interpreting the chest radiograph","volume":"19","author":"Rigby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2005.09.003","article-title":"A computer- aided diagnosis system for detection of lung nodules in chest radiographs with an evaluation on a public database","volume":"10","author":"Schilham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. 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