{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:30:11Z","timestamp":1768685411272,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan","award":["MOST 107-2221-E-415-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 107-2221-E-415-001-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although digital signature has been a fundamental technology for cryptosystems, it still draws considerable attention from both academia and industry due to the recent raising interest in blockchains. This article revisits the subliminal channel existing digital signature and reviews its abuse risk of the constructor\u2019s private key. From a different perspective on the subliminal channel, we find the new concept named the chamber of secrets in blockchains. The found concept, whereby the secret is hidden and later recovered by the constructor from the common transactions in a blockchain, highlights a new way to encourage implementing various applications to benefit efficiency and security. Thus, the proposed scheme benefits from the following advantages: (1) avoiding the high maintenance cost of certificate chain of certificate authority, or public key infrastructure, and (2) seamlessly integrating with blockchains using the property of chamber of secrets. In order to easily understand the superiority of this new concept, a remote authentication scenario is taken as a paradigm of IoT to demonstrate that the further advantages are achieved: (1) avoiding high demand for storage space in IoT devices, and (2) avoiding maintaining a sensitive table in IoT server.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13050855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]],"date-time":"2021-05-11T22:53:40Z","timestamp":1620773620000},"page":"855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Revisited\u2014The Subliminal Channel in Blockchain and Its Application to IoT Security"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tzung-Her","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chiayi University, 300 University Rd., Chiayi 600, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Bin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, No. 100 Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hsing-Bai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hilltop Information Company Limit, 7F.-3, No. 60, Daxin St., Xitun Dist., Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8509-4223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Lung","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Security Research Center, National ChungHsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"NIST, FIPS 186-2 (2021, May 11). 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Proceedings of the Multi-Agent Systems and Agreement Technologies, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59294-7_21"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2694844","article-title":"A survey on security and privacy issues in Internet-of-Things","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Int. Things J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almuhaideb, A.M., and Alqudaihi, K. (2020). A Lightweight Three-Factor Authentication Scheme for WHSN Architecture. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236860"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Li, F., Deng, H., Tan, M., Zhang, J., and Xu, J. (2020). A Blockchain-Based Authentication and Dynamic Group Key Agreement Protocol. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174835"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/5\/855\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:59:20Z","timestamp":1760162360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/5\/855"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13050855"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13050855","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,11]]}}}