{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T16:14:32Z","timestamp":1773677672223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mixing is essential in microdevices. Therefore, increasing the mixing efficiency has a significant influence on these devices. Using conductive obstacles with special geometry can improve the mixing quality of the micromixers. In this paper, a numerical study on the mixing caused by an induced-charge electrokinetic micromixer was carried out using a conductive plate with a curved arc shape instead of a conductive flat plate or other non-conductive obstacles for Newtonian fluids. This study also explored the effect of the different radius curves, span length, the number of curved arc plates in the channel, the pattern of arrangement, concavity direction, and the orientation angle against the flow on the mixing. Furthermore, the efficiency of the T-micromixer against a flow with a low diffusion coefficient was investigated. It should be noted that the considered channel is symmetric regarding to the middle horizontal plane and an addition of flat plate reflects a formation of symmetric flow structures that do not allow to improve the mixture process. While an addition of non-symmetric curved arc plates al-lows to increase the mixing by creating vortices. These vortices were created owing to the non-uniform distribution of induced zeta potential on the curved arc plate. A rise in the span length of the curved arc plate when the radius was constant improved the mixing. When three arc plates in one concavity direction were used, the mixing efficiency was 91.86%, and with a change in the concavity direction, the mixing efficiency increased to 95.44%. With a change in the orientation angle from 0 to 25, the mixing efficiency increased by 19.2%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13060915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T22:31:25Z","timestamp":1621549885000},"page":"915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Numerical Investigation of Mixing by Induced Electrokinetic Flow in T-Micromixer with Conductive Curved Arc Plate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vahabodin","family":"Goodarzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 19945-546, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3084-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saeed Hayati","family":"Jafarbeygi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 19945-546, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1394-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramezan Ali","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobiotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran P.O. Box 1435116471, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Sheremet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory on Convective Heat and Mass Transfer, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"},{"name":"Butakov Research Center, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ghalambaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metamaterials for Mechanical, Biomechanical and Multiphysical Applications Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam"},{"name":"Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 758307, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"394","article-title":"Control and detection of chemical reactions in microfluidic systems","volume":"442","author":"Demello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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