{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T14:10:49Z","timestamp":1762956649689,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biodiesel has gained popularity in diesel engines as a result of the rapid decline of fossil fuels and population growth. The processing of biodiesel from non-edible Moringa Oleifera was investigated using a single-step transesterification technique. Both fuels had their key physicochemical properties measured and investigated. In a common-rail diesel engine, the effects of MB50 fuel blend on the symmetric characteristics of engine-out responses were evaluated under five load settings and at 1000 rpm. As compared to standard diesel, MB50 increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions while lowering brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and smoke emissions for all engine loads. A further study of injection pressure and start of injection (SOI) timing for MB50 fuel was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM optimization resulted in improved combustion dynamics due to symmetry operating parameters, resulting in a simultaneous decrease in NOx and smoke emissions without sacrificing BTE. RSM is an efficient optimization method for achieving optimal fuel injection parameter settings, as can be deduced. As a result, a clearer understanding of the use of MB50 fuel in diesel engines can be given, allowing for the best possible engine efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13060982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T23:07:03Z","timestamp":1622588823000},"page":"982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optimization of Fuel Injection Parameters of Moringa oleifera Biodiesel-Diesel Blend for Engine-Out-Responses Improvements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1524-5214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yew Heng","family":"Teoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Heoy Geok","family":"How","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, School of Engineering, Computing and Built Environment, UOW Malaysia KDU Penang University College, 32, Jalan Anson, Georgetown 10400, Penang, Malaysia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2890-5912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farooq","family":"Sher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Environmental and Computing, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Automotive Engineering, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}]},{"given":"Thanh Danh","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao Street, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City 71408, Vietnam"}]},{"given":"Hwai Chyuan","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, Systems and Modelling, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia"}]},{"given":"Huu Tho","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamentals of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Automotive, Mechanical, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (FAME), An Phu Dong Campus, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 331 National Route 1A, An Phu Dong Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 729800, Vietnam"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haseeb","family":"Yaqoob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal 14300, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.03.168","article-title":"Environmental and enviroeconomic researches on diesel engines with diesel and biodiesel fuels","volume":"154","author":"Caliskan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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