{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:02:40Z","timestamp":1760234560635,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, IVPP, CAS","award":["NO. LVEHO20005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO. LVEHO20005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endocast was paid great attention in the study of human brain evolution. However, compared to that of the cerebrum, the cerebellar lobe is poorly studied regarding its morphology, function, and evolutionary changes in the process of human evolution. In this study, we define the major axis and four measurements to inspect possible asymmetric patterns within the genus Homo. Results show that significant asymmetry is only observed for the cerebellar length in modern humans and is absent in Homo erectus and Neanderthals. The influence of occipital petalia is obscure due to the small sample size for H. erectus and Neanderthals, while it has a significant influence over the asymmetries of cerebellar height and horizontal orientation in modern humans. Although the length and height of the Neanderthal cerebellum are comparable to that of modern humans, its sagittal orientation is closer to that of H. erectus, which is wider than that of modern humans. The cerebellar morphological difference between Neanderthals and modern humans is suggested to be related to high cognitive activities, such as social factors and language ability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13060988","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]],"date-time":"2021-06-02T21:23:41Z","timestamp":1622669021000},"page":"988","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Asymmetries of Cerebellar Lobe in the Genus Homo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7055-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yameng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Environmental and Social Archaeology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"},{"name":"Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2893-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiujie","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holloway, R.L., Broadfield, D.C., Yuan, M.S., Schwartz, J.H., and Tattersall, I. (2004). The Human Fossil Record, Brain Endocasts--The Paleoneurological Evidence, Wiley-Liss. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/0471663573"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lock, A., and Peters, C.R. (1996). Evolution of the Human Brain, Clarendon Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1525\/aa.1966.68.1.02a00090","article-title":"Cranial capacity, neural reorganization, and hominid evolution: A search for more suitable parameters","volume":"68","author":"Holloway","year":"1966","journal-title":"Am. Anthrop."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/227199a0","article-title":"New Endocranial Values for the Australopithecines","volume":"227","author":"Holloway","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/243097a0","article-title":"New Endocranial Values for the East African Early Hominids","volume":"243","author":"Holloway","year":"1973","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2305255","article-title":"Endocranial features of Australopithecus africanus revealed by 2- and 3-D computed tomography","volume":"247","author":"Conroy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5370.1730","article-title":"Endocranial capacity in an early hominid cranium from Sterkfontein, South Africa","volume":"280","author":"Conroy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/306779a0","article-title":"The cranial venous sinus system in Australopithecus afarensis","volume":"306","author":"Falk","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330920107","article-title":"Meningeal arterial patterns in great apes: Implications for hominid vascular evolution","volume":"92","author":"Falk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"The ramification of the middle meningeal artery in fossil hominids: And its bearing upon phylogenetic problems","volume":"110","author":"Weidenreich","year":"1938","journal-title":"Palaeontol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-008-0685-6","article-title":"The middle meningeal artery: From clinics to fossils","volume":"24","author":"Bruner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2004.03.009","article-title":"Geometric morphometrics and paleoneurology: Brain shape evolution in the genus Homo","volume":"47","author":"Bruner","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2020.102770","article-title":"A morphometric comparison of the parietal lobe in modern humans and Neanderthals","volume":"142","author":"Bruner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.22974","article-title":"The endocranial anatomy of maba 1","volume":"160","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.03.007","article-title":"Variations and asymmetries in regional brain surface in the genus Homo","volume":"62","author":"Balzeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.06.006","article-title":"Variations in size, shape and asymmetries of the third frontal convolution in hominids: Paleoneurological implications for hominin evolution and the origin of language","volume":"76","author":"Balzeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10046","article-title":"Variability of Broca\u2019s area homologue in African great apes: Implications for language evolution","volume":"271","author":"Sherwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. Part A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2009.10.005","article-title":"A bivariate approach to the widening of the frontal lobes in the genus Homo","volume":"58","author":"Bruner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.045","article-title":"Measurement of Sylvian Fissure asymmetry and occipital bending in humans and Pan troglodytes","volume":"184","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25499.x","article-title":"Morphological Cerebral Asymmetries of Modern Man, Fossil Man, and Nonhuman Primate","volume":"280","author":"LeMay","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2012.13","article-title":"Cerebral asymmetry: A quantitative, multifactorial, and plastic brain phenotype","volume":"15","year":"2012","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330580111","article-title":"Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: Some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance","volume":"58","author":"Holloway","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.341314","article-title":"Right-left asymmetrics in the brain","volume":"199","author":"Galaburda","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.08.031","article-title":"Handedness and cerebral anatomical asymmetries in young adult males","volume":"29","author":"Crivello","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.017","article-title":"Human torque is not present in chimpanzee brain","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.021","article-title":"Cerebral petalias and their relationship to handedness in capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)","volume":"45","author":"Phillips","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91167-F","article-title":"Cortical asymmetries in frontal lobes of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"512","author":"Falk","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"165","article-title":"Chapter 8\u2014The missing link: Evolution of the primate cerebellum","volume":"Volume 195","author":"Hofman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19538","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2002896117","article-title":"The human cerebellum has almost 80% of the surface area of the neocortex","volume":"117","author":"Sereno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruner, E., Ogihara, N., and Tanabe, H.C. (2018). Cerebellum: Anatomy, Physiology, Function, and Evolution. Digital Endocasts: From Skulls to Brains, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-56582-6"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2484(03)00028-9","article-title":"Expansion of the neocerebellum in Hominoidea","volume":"44","author":"MacLeod","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8052851","article-title":"Activation of a cerebellar output nucleus during cognitive processing","volume":"265","author":"Kim","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/4.1.8","article-title":"Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning","volume":"4","author":"Raichle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(01)00216-0","article-title":"Cerebellar morphology in developmental dyslexia","volume":"40","author":"Rae","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg026","article-title":"Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: Frontal and cerebellar findings","volume":"126","author":"Eckert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.01.045","article-title":"A probabilistic MR atlas of the human cerebellum","volume":"46","author":"Diedrichsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00125-9","article-title":"Cerebellar volume asymmetries are related to handedness: A quantitative MRI study","volume":"33","author":"Snyder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500692102","article-title":"Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans","volume":"102","author":"Weaver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0112","article-title":"Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum","volume":"367","author":"Barton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.08.056","article-title":"Rapid Evolution of the Cerebellum in Humans and Other Great Apes","volume":"24","author":"Barton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naidich, T.P., Duvernoy, H.M., Delman, B.N., Sorensen, A.G., Kollias, S.S., and Haacke, E.M. (2009). Duvernoy\u2019s Atlas of the Human Brain Stem and Cerebellum, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-73971-6"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330670403","article-title":"Apples, oranges, and the lunate sulcus","volume":"67","author":"Falk","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330530409","article-title":"A reanalysis of the South African australopithecine natural endocasts","volume":"53","author":"Falk","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330800307","article-title":"Ape-like endocast of \u201cape-man\u201d Taung","volume":"80","author":"Falk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330600410","article-title":"The Taung endocast: A reply to Holloway","volume":"60","author":"Falk","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330560105","article-title":"Revisiting the South African Taung australopithecine endocast: The position of the lunate sulcus as determined by the stereoplotting technique","volume":"56","author":"Holloway","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330640310","article-title":"The taung endocast and the lunate sulcus: A rejection of the hypothesis of its anterior position","volume":"64","author":"Holloway","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2003.09.030","article-title":"Posterior lunate sulcus in Australopithecus africanus: Was Dart right?","volume":"3","author":"Holloway","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Palevol"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.04.008","article-title":"Homo erectus and middle pleistocene hominins: Brain size, skull form, and species recognition","volume":"65","author":"Rightmire","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"R Core Team (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Core Team."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Enlow, D.H., and Hans, M. (1996). Essentials of Facial Growth, W.B. Saunders Company."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"161","article-title":"The morphological and morphogenetic basis for craniofacial form and pattern","volume":"41","author":"Enlow","year":"1971","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2018.1560643","article-title":"Occipital petalia as a predictive imaging sign for transverse sinus dominance","volume":"41","author":"Arsava","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.11.013","article-title":"A uniquely modern human pattern of endocranial development. Insights from a new cranial reconstruction of the Neandertal newborn from Mezmaiskaya","volume":"62","author":"Gunz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2010.10.029","article-title":"Spatial abilities, cognition and the pattern of Neanderthal and modern human dispersals","volume":"247","author":"Burke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1086\/509092","article-title":"The evolution of human speech-Its anatomical and neural bases","volume":"48","author":"Lieberman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24331-0","article-title":"Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy","volume":"8","author":"Kochiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/6\/988\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:10:02Z","timestamp":1760163002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/6\/988"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13060988"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13060988","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,2]]}}}