{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:04:55Z","timestamp":1760234695873,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>IDEA is a classic symmetric encryption algorithm proposed in 1991 and widely used in many applications. However, there is little research into white-box IDEA. In traditional white-box implementations of existing block ciphers, S-boxes are always converted into encoded lookup tables. However, the algebraic operations of IDEA without S-boxes, make the implementation not straight forward and challenging. We propose a white-box implementation of IDEA by applying a splitting symmetric encryption method, and verify its security against algebraic analysis and BGE-like attacks. Our white-box implementation requires an average of about 2800 ms to encrypt a 64-bit plaintext, about 60 times more than the original algorithm would take, which is acceptable for practical applications. Its storage requirements are only about 10 MB. To our knowledge, this is the first public white-box IDEA solution, and its design by splitting can be applied to similar algebraic encryption structures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13061066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:24:29Z","timestamp":1623792269000},"page":"1066","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A White-Box Implementation of IDEA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8961-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siyu","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejia","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology, P.O. Box 5159, Beijing 100878, China"},{"name":"Westone Cryptologic Research Center, Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lai, X. (1992). On the Design and Security of Block Ciphers. [Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Zurich]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lai, X., and Massey, J.L. (1990). A Proposal for a New Block Encryption Standard. 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