{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:06:10Z","timestamp":1760234770364,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wang Gang","award":["nos. 52079077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["nos. 52079077"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we aim to reveal the influence of fault fracture zones on the stability of submarine tunnels and the surrounding rock under different water and drainage measures. Firstly, four typical working conditions of submarine tunnels intersecting with fault fracture zones were selected. On the basis of the typical cross section of the intersections of submarine tunnels and faults, they were divided into four working conditions. Then, the displacement and plastic zones of the surrounding rock of the tunnel were studied, and the stability of the rock surrounding the submarine tunnel was discussed. This research structure indicates that the bending moment and axial force of the lining structure of the submarine tunnel increase with increasing sealing degree, but the safety factor exhibits a downward trend. When the fault fracture zone goes through the section above the tunnel axis, the bending moment and axial force at the lining vault are greater than the other working conditions, and the displacement of the surrounding rock at the vault and spandrel is prominent. When the fault fracture zone completely passes through the tunnel, the safety factor of the lining structure is at its lowest, and the displacement of the surrounding rock at the arch waist develops laterally. When the fault fracture zone passes through the part below the tunnel axis, the arch foot displacement converges significantly, and the surrounding rock displacement exhibits a downward inclination. In addition, the plastic zone is mainly developed in the arch and the shoulder. These research results provide a reliable reference for tunnel design and excavation support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13071111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T22:10:59Z","timestamp":1624399859000},"page":"1111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of the Location of Fault Fracture Zones on the Stability of Symmetrical Submarine Tunnels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"46","article-title":"Overview of Underwater Highway Tunnels and Related Technical Issues","volume":"1","author":"Ai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic Constr. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"The Relationship between Seepage Volume and Rock Cover Thickness in Subsea Tunnel","volume":"1","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"4704","article-title":"Research on Rock Cover Thickness of Submarine Highway tunnel","volume":"S2","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"63","article-title":"Innovation of Key Construction Technology for Kiaochow Bay Submarine Tunnel with Boring and Blast Method","volume":"28","author":"Qing","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Railw. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"51","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Lining Structure and Its Cross Section Shape Optimization of Subsea Tunnel","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"China Railw. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Zhang, P. (2008). Model Test Research on the Distribution law of Water Pressure Upon Lining and the stress Characteristics of Lining Structure in Subject to Subsea Tunnel. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Beijing Jiaotong University]. Available online: https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms\/detail\/detail.aspx?dbcode=CMFD&dbname=CMFD2008&filename=2008049740.nh&v=qOIUypyORwBjpg%25mmd2FLSnIdPVU9987KOTqFWh%25mmd2BWFP%25mmd2BH6Eetq9icTTALFBuFW%25mmd2FpU5sMz."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"883","article-title":"Decelopement on Subsea Tunnel Model Test System for Solid-Fluid Coupling and its Application","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Wu, J. (2013). Research on The Distribution Law of Seepage Field and The Water Pressure Characteristics of Lining Structure in Subject to Underwater Tunnel of weak Surrounding. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Beijing Jiaotong University]."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"89","article-title":"Study on the Characteristics of Water Pressure on the Composite Lining in Underwater Tunnels","volume":"52","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mod. Tunn. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"60","article-title":"Analysis on Stability of Subsea Tunnel in Fault-rupture Zone","volume":"S2","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tunn. Constr."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"165","article-title":"Formulation and Verification of Grouting Reinforcement Ring for Fault Fracture Zone of Qingdao Subsea Tunnel","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Road Traffic Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"29","article-title":"Grouting Waterproof Construction Scheme for Submarine Tunnel through Fault Fracture Zone","volume":"5","author":"Qiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sichuan Cem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noii, N., Khodadadiana, A., and Wick, T. (2020). Bayesian Inversion for Anisotropic Hydraulic Phase-Field Fracture. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2021.114118"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1007\/s00466-020-01876-4","article-title":"A Bayesian estimation method for variational phase-field fracture problems","volume":"66","author":"Khodadadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Mechan."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"457","article-title":"Analysis of Seepage Stability of Submarine Tunnels under Localized Fracture Zone Conditions","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tunn. Constr."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"73","article-title":"Stability Analysis of Pre-grouting Reinforcement of Submarine Tunnel through Fault Fracture Zone","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Zhengzhou Univ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Z., and Zhang, C. (2020). Influence of Loose Contact between Tunnel Lining and Surrounding Rock on the Safety of the Tunnel Structure. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12101733"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"360","article-title":"Assessment on Construction Risks of Sub-sea Tunnels Crossing Fault and Fracture Zones and Countermeasures","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tunn. Constr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"3751","article-title":"Limit Analysis of Subsea Tunnel Stability by Finite Element Method in Fault-Rupture Zone with Water Penetration","volume":"S2","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Jie, Y., Niu, X., Liu, C., and Liu, X. (2020). Mechanical Behavior of Tunnel Lining with Cracks at Different Positions. Symmetry, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym12020194"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-020-01563-4","article-title":"Effect of the Blocking Water and Limiting Discharge and Surrounding Rock Permeability on the Stability of Subsea Tunnel","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/7\/1111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:21:19Z","timestamp":1760163679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/7\/1111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13071111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13071111","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}}}