{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:22:58Z","timestamp":1777555378347,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Narodowe Centrum Bada\u0144 i Rozwoju","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/8\/0051\/L-8\/16\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/8\/0051\/L-8\/16\/NCBR\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study of symmetrical and non-symmetrical effects in physics, mathematics, mechanics, medicine, and numerical methods is a current topic due to the complexity of the experiments, calculations, and virtual simulations. However, there is a limited number of research publications in computational biomechanics focusing on the symmetry of numerical head models. The majority of the models in the researched literature are symmetrical. Thus, we stated a hypothesis wherever the symmetrical models might be more applicable in numerical analysis. We carried out in-depth studies about head symmetry through clinical data, medical images, materials models, and computer analysis. We concluded that the mapping of the entire geometry of the skull and brain is essential due to the significant differences that affect the results of numerical analyses and the possibility of misinterpretation of the tissue deformation under mechanical load results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13071252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T21:56:52Z","timestamp":1626127012000},"page":"1252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Symmetry of the Human Head\u2014Are Symmetrical Models More Applicable in Numerical Analysis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6980-315X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona Gora, Szafrana 4, 65-516 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8081-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz","family":"Ptak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7\/9, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Kwiatkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Specialist Hospital in Legnica, Iwaszkiewicza 5, 59-220 Legnica, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Kubicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Wroclaw Medical University, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9751-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio A. O.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TEMA\u2014Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5114-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Wilhelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CFturbo GmbH, Unterer Kreuzweg 1, 01097 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7809-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Dymek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7\/9, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Sawicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 7\/9, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"\u017b\u00f3\u0142kiewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1068\/p2905","article-title":"Detection of bilateral symmetry in complex biological images","volume":"29","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2009.01.002","article-title":"Delayed shape matching benefits from simplicity and symmetry","volume":"49","author":"Kayaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vision Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500319102","article-title":"Symmetry activates extrastriate visual cortex in human and nonhuman primates","volume":"102","author":"Sasaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. 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