{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T14:02:34Z","timestamp":1775052154435,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-12-00312"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-12-00312"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The overview discusses development of the unique fusion plasma diagnostics\u2014Heavy Ion Beam Probing (HIBP) in application to toroidal magnetic plasma devices. The basis of the HIBP measurements of the plasma electric potential and processing of experimental data are considered. Diagnostic systems for probing plasma in tokamaks TM-4, TJ-1, TUMAN-3M and T-10, stellarators WEGA, TJ-II and Uragan-2M are presented. Promising results of the HIBP projects for various existing modern machines, such as TCV, TCABR, MAST, COMPASS, GLOBUS-M2, T-15 MD and W7-X and the international fusion tokamak reactor ITER are given. Results from two machines with similar size and plasma parameters, but with different types of the magnetic con-figuration: axisymmetric tokamak T-10 and helically symmetric stellarator TJ-II are compared. The results of studies of stationary potential profiles and oscillations in the form of quasimonochromatic and broadband fluctuations, turbulent particle flux, fluctuations of density and poloidal magnetic field are presented. The properties of symmetric structures\u2014zonal flows and geodesic acoustic modes of plasma oscillations as well as Alfv\u00e9n Eigenmodes excited by fast particles from neutral beam injection heating are described. General trends in the behavior of electric potential and turbulence in magnetized fusion plasmas are revealed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13081367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T22:35:02Z","timestamp":1627425302000},"page":"1367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evolution of Heavy Ion Beam Probing from the Origins to Study of Symmetric Structures in Fusion Plasmas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6878-7493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Melnikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kurchatov Center for Thermonuclear Energy and Plasma Technologies, National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Plasma Physics Department, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"John, F., and Translator, V.H. 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