{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:15:41Z","timestamp":1760235341990,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The internal structure of composite particles is conveniently described in terms of form factors (FFs)\u2014these are experimentally accessible in annihilation and scattering of elementary reactions, and are theoretically calculable by all models that describe the properties of particles. FFs depend only on one kinematical variable, q2. This is the four-momentum transferred by the virtual photon that carries the interaction. Important developments in accelerator and detector techniques have brought impressive advances, both by extending the kinematical region and by reaching a higher precision. A critical review on the underlying methods and findings in polarized and unpolarized experiments is presented. The unique role played by polarization in determining the ratio of electric to magnetic form factors in the space-like region, and the extraction of individual form factors in the whole kinematical region, are described. Recent results at electron accelerators and electron\u2013positron colliders confirm the existence of periodical structure in the annihilation cross section. We suggest a global framework which describes the dynamical structure of charge distribution in baryons, in order to build a coherent view of the creation and annihilation of baryonic matter.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13081480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T22:14:36Z","timestamp":1628806476000},"page":"1480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamical Properties of Baryons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5263-3948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egle","family":"Tomasi-Gustafsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA, IRFU, D\u00e9partement de Physique Nucl\u00e9aire, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Bianconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell\u2019Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia, 25121 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Gruppo Collegato di Brescia, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, 25133 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6385-3508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Pacetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"572","article-title":"Polarization phenomena in electron scattering by protons in the high energy region","volume":"13","author":"Akhiezer","year":"1968","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Dokl."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"277","article-title":"Polarization effects in the scattering of leptons by hadrons","volume":"4","author":"Akhiezer","year":"1974","journal-title":"Sov. J. Part. Nucl."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055203","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.96.055203","article-title":"Polarization Transfer Observables in Elastic Electron Proton Scattering at Q2 = 2.5, 5.2, 6.8, and 8.5 GeV2","volume":"96","author":"Puckett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.79.615","article-title":"High Energy Elastic Scattering of Electrons on Protons","volume":"79","author":"Rosenbluth","year":"1950","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1134\/S1547477107040012","article-title":"On radiative corrections for unpolarized electron proton elastic scattering","volume":"4","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01094562","article-title":"Automodelity in strong interactions","volume":"15","author":"Matveev","year":"1973","journal-title":"Teor. Mat. Fiz."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.31.1153","article-title":"Scaling Laws at Large Transverse Momentum","volume":"31","author":"Brodsky","year":"1973","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Brash, E., Cisbani, E., Jones, M., Khandaker, M., Liyanage, N., Pentchev, L., Perdrisat, C., Punjabi, V., and Wojtsekhowski, B. (2009). Large Acceptance Proton Form Factor Ratio Measurements up to 14.5 GeV2 Using Recoil-Polarization Method. JLab Proposal, Experiment E12-07-109, Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Mark-Jones-33\/publication\/265481523_Update_on_E12-07-109_Large_Acceptance_Proton_Form_Factor_Ratio_Measurements_up_to_145_GeV_2_Using_Recoil-Polarization_Method\/links\/54f9c0ab0cf25371374ff838\/Update-on-E12-07-109-Large-Acceptance-Proton-Form-Factor-Ratio-Measurements-up-to-145-GeV-2-Using-Recoil-Polarization-Method.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(90)90128-S","article-title":"Measurement of the inclusive pC Analyzing Power and Cross-section in the 1 GeV Region and Calibration of the New Polarimeter POMME","volume":"288","author":"Bonin","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(95)00442-4","article-title":"Calibration of the polarimeter POMME at proton energies between 1.05-GeV and 2.4-GeV","volume":"363","author":"Cheung","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2004.08.111","article-title":"Measurement of analyzing powers for the reaction  p\u2192 + CH2 at pp = 1.75-GeV\/c \u2013 5.3-GeV\/c","volume":"538","author":"Azhgirey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/s10050-020-00032-z","article-title":"Measurement of neutron and proton analyzing powers on C, CH, CH2 and Cu targets in the momentum region 3\u20134.2 GeV\/c","volume":"56","author":"Basilev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02785769","article-title":"Proton anti-proton annihilation into electrons, muons and vector bosons","volume":"24","author":"Zichichi","year":"1962","journal-title":"Nuovo Cim."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Hoang, A.H. (1996, January 16\u201323). Two loop corrections to fermion pair production vertices. Electroweak interactions and unified theories. Proceedings of the 31st Rencontres de Moriond, Leptonic Session, Les Arcs, France."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042202","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.60.042202","article-title":"Search for evidence of two photon exchange in new experimental high momentum transfer data on electron deuteron elastic scattering","volume":"60","author":"Rekalo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"072009","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.88.072009","article-title":"Measurement of the e+e\u2212 \u2192 p\n\t\t  p\u00af cross section in the energy range from 3.0 to 6.5 GeV","volume":"88","author":"Ablikim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0550-3213(94)90052-3","article-title":"Determination of the electric and magnetic form-factors of the proton in the timelike region","volume":"B411","author":"Bardin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.124.042001","article-title":"Measurement of proton electromagnetic form factors in e+e\u2212 \u2192 p\n\t\t  p\u00af in the energy region 2.00\u20133.08 GeV","volume":"124","author":"Ablikim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.99.092002","article-title":"Study of the process e+e\u2212 \u2192 pp\u00af via initial state radiation at BESIII","volume":"99","author":"Ablikim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.232301","article-title":"Periodic interference structures in the timelike proton form factor","volume":"114","author":"Bianconi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.87.092005","article-title":"Study of e+ + e\u2212 \u2192 p + p\u00af via initial-state radiation at BABAR","volume":"87","author":"Lees","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035203","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.103.035203","article-title":"New fit of timelike proton electromagnetic form factors from e+e\u2212 colliders","volume":"103","author":"Bianconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2019.05.032","article-title":"Observation of a fine structure in e+e\u2212 to hadron production at the nucleon-antinucleon threshold","volume":"B794","author":"Akhmetshin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2012.04.073","article-title":"A Model for space and time-like proton (neutron) form factors","volume":"B712","author":"Kuraev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"068201","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.69.068201","article-title":"Re-analysis of the nucleon space- and time-like electromagnetic form-factors in a two-component model","volume":"69","author":"Bijker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"760","article-title":"The reaction \u03c0 + N \u2192 e+e\u2212 + \u03c0","volume":"1","author":"Rekalo","year":"1965","journal-title":"Sov. J. Nucl.Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"045205","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.75.045205","article-title":"Testing axial and electromagnetic nucleon form factors in time-like regions in the processes p\u00af + n \u2192 \u03c0\u2212 + \u2113+\u2113\u2212 and p\u00af + p \u2192 \u03c00 + \u2113+\u2113\u2212, \u2113 = e,\u03bc","volume":"75","author":"Adamuscin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1140\/epja\/s10050-021-00475-y","article-title":"PANDA Phase One","volume":"57","author":"Barucca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. A"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/8\/1480\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:44:42Z","timestamp":1760165082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/8\/1480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13081480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13081480","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]}}}