{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:18:12Z","timestamp":1782753492930,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthodontic treatment carries the risk of major complications such as enamel demineralization, tooth decay, gingivitis, and periodontal damage. A large number of elements of fixed orthodontic appliance results in the creation of additional plaque retention sites which increase the risk of biofilm creation. Modification of the surface of orthodontic elements may prevent the formation of bacterial biofilm. In this paper, surface modification of stainless steel orthodontic wires with TiO2: Ag was carried out by the sol-gel thin film dip-coating method. To obtain the anatase crystal structure, substrates were calcined for 2 h at 500 \u00b0C. The properties of the obtained coatings were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. Corrosion studies were performed in a Ringer\u2019s solution, which simulated physiological solution. SEM and XRD analyses of the coated surface confirmed the presence of Ag nanoparticles which may have antimicrobial potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13091734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T22:35:20Z","timestamp":1632263720000},"page":"1734","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Improvement of Properties of Stainless Steel Orthodontic Archwire Using TiO2:Ag Coating"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Zofia","family":"Kielan-Grabowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4542-4897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"B\u0105cela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zi\u0119ty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wioletta","family":"Seremak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gawlik-Maj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Dental Polyclinic of Dental Center of Technology Transfer Ltd., Krakowska Str. 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Kawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentofacial Orthopedics and Orthodontics, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"},{"name":"Academic Dental Polyclinic of Dental Center of Technology Transfer Ltd., Krakowska Str. 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Borak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5750-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Detyna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Sarul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Dental Polyclinic of Dental Center of Technology Transfer Ltd., Krakowska Str. 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Integrated Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Powik\u0142ania Leczenia Ortodontycznego Aparatami Sta\u0142ymi i Ruchomymi u Pacjent\u00f3w w Wieku Rozwojowym","volume":"9","author":"Mazur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Implant. 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