{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T06:47:33Z","timestamp":1777963653156,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008902","name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20190021DR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20190021DR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fission In R-process Elements (FIRE) Topical Collaboration in Nuclear Theory"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fission In R-process Elements (FIRE) Topical Collaboration in Nuclear Theory"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["80NSSC20K0338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["80NSSC20K0338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U1932206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1932206"]}]},{"name":"National Key Program for S&amp;T Research and Development","award":["2016YFA0400501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFA0400501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nuclear isomers are populated in the rapid neutron capture process (r process) of nucleosynthesis. The r process may cover a wide range of temperatures, potentially starting from several tens of GK (several MeV) and then cooling as material is ejected from the event. As the r-process environment cools, isomers can freeze out of thermal equilibrium or be directly populated as astrophysically metastable isomers (astromers). Astromers can undergo reactions and decays at rates very different from the ground state, so they may need to be treated independently in nucleosythesis simulations. Two key behaviors of astromers\u2014ground state \u2194 isomer transition rates and thermalization temperatures\u2014are determined by direct transition rates between pairs of nuclear states. We perform a sensitivity study to constrain the effects of unknown transitions on astromer behavior. Detailed balance ensures that ground \u2192 isomer and isomer \u2192 ground transitions are symmetric, so unknown transitions are equally impactful in both directions. We also introduce a categorization of astromers that describes their potential effects in hot environments. We provide a table of neutron-rich isomers that includes the astromer type, thermalization temperature, and key unmeasured transition rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13101831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1633917587000},"page":"1831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Sensitivity of Neutron-Rich Nuclear Isomer Behavior to Uncertainties in Direct Transitions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0637-0753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Wendell","family":"Misch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"},{"name":"Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-4369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor M.","family":"Sprouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9950-9688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Mumpower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"},{"name":"Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0861-3616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron J.","family":"Couture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-2247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris L.","family":"Fryer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"},{"name":"Computational Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6307-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley S.","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1411-4135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"451","article-title":"The Complexity of the Chemical Elements","volume":"5","author":"Soddy","year":"1917","journal-title":"Sci. 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