{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:15:10Z","timestamp":1777047310466,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]],"date-time":"2021-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we review the so-called Myrzakulov Gravity models (MG-N, with N = I, II, \u2026, VIII) and derive their respective metric-affine generalizations (MAMG-N), discussing also their particular sub-cases. The field equations of the theories are obtained by regarding the metric tensor and the general affine connection as independent variables. We then focus on the case in which the function characterizing the aforementioned metric-affine models is linear and consider a Friedmann-Lema\u00eetre\u2013Robertson\u2013Walker background to study cosmological aspects and applications. Historical motivation for this research is thoroughly reviewed and specific physical motivations are provided for the aforementioned family of alternative theories of gravity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13101855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,11]],"date-time":"2021-10-11T01:59:47Z","timestamp":1633917587000},"page":"1855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Metric-Affine Myrzakulov Gravity Theories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nurgissa","family":"Myrzakulov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurasian International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Nur-Sultan 010009, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of General and Theoretical Physics, Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan"}]},{"given":"Ratbay","family":"Myrzakulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurasian International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Nur-Sultan 010009, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of General and Theoretical Physics, Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan 010008, Kazakhstan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4516-5127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucrezia","family":"Ravera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"INFN, Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Open problems in gravitational physics","volume":"58","author":"Capozziello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frascati Phys. Ser."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Will, C.M. (2014). The Confrontation between General Relativity and Experiment. Living Rev. Rel., 17.","DOI":"10.12942\/lrr-2014-4"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saridakis, E.N., Lazkoz, R., Salzano, V., Moniz, P.V., Capozziello, S., Jim\u00e9nez, J.B., De Laurentis, M., Olmo, G.J., Akrami, Y., and Bahamonde, S. (2021). 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