{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T07:43:42Z","timestamp":1770277422747,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-20-CE27-0009-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-CE27-0009-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We are interested here in the central organ of our thoughts: the brain. Advances in neuroscience have made it possible to obtain increasing information on the anatomy of this organ, at ever-higher resolutions, with different imaging techniques, on ever-larger samples. At the same time, paleoanthropology has to deal with partial reflections on the shape of the brain, on fragmentary specimens and small samples in an attempt to approach the morphology of the brain of past human species. It undeniably emerges from the perspective we propose here that paleoanthropology has much to gain from interacting more with the field of neuroimaging. Improving our understanding of the morphology of the endocast necessarily involves studying the external surface of the brain and the link it maintains with the internal surface of the skull. The contribution of neuroimaging will allow us to better define the relationship between brain and endocast. Models of intra- and inter-species variability in brain morphology inferred from large neuroimaging databases will help make the most of the rare endocasts of extinct species. We also conclude that exchanges between these two disciplines will also be beneficial to our knowledge of the Homo sapiens brain. Documenting the anatomy among other human species and including the variation over time within our own species are approaches that offer us a new perspective through which to appreciate what really characterizes the brain of humanity today.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13101974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,20]],"date-time":"2021-10-20T22:07:04Z","timestamp":1634767624000},"page":"1974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["What Are the Synergies between Paleoanthropology and Brain Imaging?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Balzeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PaleoFED Team, UMR 7194, CNRS, D\u00e9partement Homme et Environnement, Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle, Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Homme, 17, Place du Trocad\u00e9ro, 75016 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of African Zoology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Mangin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baobab Research Unit, CEA, CNRS, Neurospin Department, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00134","article-title":"Interpreting sulci on hominin endocasts: Old hypotheses and new findings","volume":"8","author":"Falk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Gall, F.J. (1835). On the Functions of the Brain and of Each of its Parts: With Observations on the Possibility of Determining the Instincts, Propensities, and Talents, or the Moral and Intellectual Dispositions of Men and Animals, by the Configuration of the Brain and Head, Marsh, Capen & Lyon."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.04.011","article-title":"An empirical, 21st century evaluation of phrenology","volume":"106","author":"Jbabdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13318","article-title":"Are endocasts reliable proxies for brains? A 3D quantitative comparison of the extant human brain and endocast","volume":"238","author":"Dumoncel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5033","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.5033","article-title":"A measure for brain complexity: Relating functional segregation and integration in the nervous system","volume":"91","author":"Tononi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Broca, P. (1871). M\u00e9moires d\u2019Anthropologie, Reinwald."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Knoblauch, A., Brodmann, K., and Hauptmann, A. (1914). Physiologie des Gehirns. Allgemeine Chirurgie der Gehirnkrankheiten, Verlag von Ferdinand Enke."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01451766","article-title":"Die vergleichend-architektonische und die vergleichend reizphysiologische Felderung der Gro\u00dfhirnrinde unter besonderer Berucksichtigungder menschlichen","volume":"14","author":"Vogt","year":"1926","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4588","article-title":"Julich-Brain: A 3D probabilistic atlas of the human brain\u2019s cytoarchitecture","volume":"369","author":"Amunts","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.041","article-title":"The WU-Minn Human Connectome Project: An overview","volume":"80","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0571-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies of brain imaging phenotypes in UK Biobank","volume":"562","author":"Elliott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.12.036","article-title":"The human condition-a molecular approach","volume":"157","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1873","article-title":"The Evolutionary History of Common Genetic Variants Influencing Human Cortical Surface Area","volume":"5","author":"Tilot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"6484","article-title":"Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis Consortium (ENIGMA)\u2014Genetics working group. The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex","volume":"367","author":"Grasby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.06.018","article-title":"Construction of a neonatal cortical surface atlas using Multimodal Surface Matching in the Developing Human Connectome Project","volume":"179","author":"Bozek","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.09.060","article-title":"Extending the Human Connectome Project across ages: Imaging protocols for the Lifespan Development and Aging projects","volume":"183","author":"Harms","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1159\/000362431","article-title":"Evolution of the central sulcus morphology in primates","volume":"84","author":"Hopkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117685","article-title":"Imaging evolution of the primate brain: The next frontier?","volume":"228","author":"Friedrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.023","article-title":"Accelerating the Evolution of Nonhuman Primate Neuroimaging","volume":"105","author":"Milham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330930102","article-title":"Post-cranial robusticity in Homo II: Humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity","volume":"93","author":"Trinkaus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthrop."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balzeau, A., Gilissen, E., and Grimaud-Herv\u00e9, D. (2012). Shared pattern of quantified endocranial shape asymmetries among anatomically modern humans, great apes and fossil hominins. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029581"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2013.01.004","article-title":"Extreme mobility in the Late Pleistocene? Comparing limb biomechanics among fossil Homo, varsity athletes and Holocene foragers","volume":"64","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Carlson, K.J., and Marchi, D. (2014). Human variation in the periosteal geometry of the lower limb: Signatures of behaviour among human Holocene populations. Reconstructing Mobility: Environmental, Behavioral, and Morphological Determinants, Springer."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2011.11.002","article-title":"Hemispheric asymmetries of cortical volume in the human brain","volume":"49","author":"Goldberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(87)90022-4","article-title":"The brain of Homo habilis: A new level of organization in cerebral evolution","volume":"16","author":"Tobias","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Grimaud-Herv\u00e9, D. (1997). L\u2019Evolution de l\u2019Enc\u00e9phale Chez Homo Erectus et Homo Sapiens: Exemples de l\u2019Asie et de l\u2019Europe, Cahiers de Pal\u00e9oanthropologie, CNRS."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holloway, R.L., Broadfield, D.C., and Yuan, M.S. (2004). The Human Fossil Record: Brain Endocasts, Paleoneurological Evidence, Wiley-Liss.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471663573"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13219-012-0069-z","article-title":"First description of the Cro-Magnon 1 endocast and study of brain variation an evolution in anatomically modern Homo Sapiens","volume":"25","author":"Balzeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. M\u00e9moires Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 D\u2019anthropologie Paris"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.06.006","article-title":"Variations in size, shape and asymmetries of the third frontal convolution in hominids: Paleoneurological implications for hominin evolution and the origin of language","volume":"76","author":"Balzeau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90091-1","article-title":"Planum temporale asymmetry, reappraisal since Geschwind and Levitsky","volume":"25","author":"Galaburda","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2174\/1573405054038726","article-title":"Voxel-based morphometry of the human brain: Methods and applications","volume":"1","author":"Mechelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0770","article-title":"\u201cVoxel-based morphometry\u201d should not be used with imperfectly registered images","volume":"14","author":"Bookstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0961","article-title":"Why voxel-based morphometry should be used","volume":"14","author":"Ashburner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2016.06.008","article-title":"Spatial normalization of brain images and beyond","volume":"33","author":"Mangin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bookstein, F.L. (1991). Morphometric Tools for Landmark Data: Geometry and Biology, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511573064"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e32833a0afc","article-title":"In-vivo measurement of cortical morphology: Means and meanings","volume":"23","author":"Mangin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Delson, E., and Alan, R. (1985). The phylogenetic position of Olduvai Hominid 9, especially as determined from basicranial evidence. Ancestors: The Hard Evidence, Wiley-Liss."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330290508","article-title":"Use of computed tomography in skeletal structure research","volume":"29","author":"Ruff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Yearb. Phys. Anthrop."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1153","article-title":"Virtual Anthropology (VA): A call for glasnost in paleoanthropology","volume":"265","author":"Weber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32969","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32969","article-title":"Effect of X-ray irradiation on ancient DNA in sub-fossil bones\u2013Guidelines for safe X-ray imaging","volume":"6","author":"Immel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23180","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of \u00b5CT-scanning of human fossil teeth on ESR age results","volume":"163","author":"Duval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1593","article-title":"Evolution of the base of the brain in highly encephalized human species","volume":"2","author":"Bastir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79620Y","DOI":"10.1117\/12.876795","article-title":"Mapping the distance between the brain and the inner surface of the skull and their global asymmetries","volume":"7962","author":"Fournier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Imaging 2011 Image Process."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.13030","article-title":"Sulcal pattern variation in extant human endocasts","volume":"235","author":"Hoffman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.10.007","article-title":"A paleoneurological survey of Homo erectus endocranial metrics","volume":"368","author":"Bruner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao5961","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao5961","article-title":"The evolution of modern human brain shape","volume":"4","author":"Neubauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax9935","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9935","article-title":"Evolution of brain lateralization: A shared hominid pattern of endocranial asymmetry is much more variable in humans than in great apes","volume":"6","author":"Neubauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.07.057","article-title":"Simplified gyral pattern in severe developmental microcephalies? New insights from allometric modeling for spatial and spectral analysis of gyrification","volume":"102","author":"Germanaud","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000487248","article-title":"Identification of in vivo Sulci on the External Surface of Eight Adult Chimpanzee Brains: Implications for Interpreting Early Hominin Endocasts","volume":"91","author":"Falk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22115","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1905071116","article-title":"Evidence for independent brain and neurocranial reorganization during hominin evolution","volume":"116","author":"Hopkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-397025-1.00198-6","article-title":"Sulci as landmarks","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Mangin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Mapping: An Encyclopedic Reference"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-019-00734-8","article-title":"\u201cPlis de passage\u201d deserve a role in models of the cortical folding process","volume":"32","author":"Mangin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0112-2","article-title":"Deconstructing cortical folding: Genetic, cellular and mechanical determinants","volume":"20","author":"Borrell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys3632","article-title":"On the growth and form of cortical convolutions","volume":"12","author":"Tallinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/385313a0","article-title":"A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system","volume":"385","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cachia, A., Borst, G., Jardri, R., Raznahan, A., Murray, G.K., Mangin, J.F., and Plaze, M. (2021). Towards deciphering the fetal foundation of normal cognition and cognitive symptoms from sulcation of the cortex. Front. Neuroanat., in press.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2021.712862"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1106-8","article-title":"Linking morphological and functional variability in hand movement and silent reading","volume":"221","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500692102","article-title":"Reciprocal evolution of the cerebellum and neocortex in fossil humans","volume":"102","author":"Weaver","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-011-4512-1","article-title":"Identification of Zhoukoudian Homo erectus brain asymmetry using 3D laser scanning","volume":"56","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polak, M. (2003). Fluctuating asymmetry analyses revisited. Developmental Instability: Causes and Consequences, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195143454.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130575","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0575","article-title":"Increased morphological asymmetry, evolvability and plasticity in human brain evolution","volume":"280","author":"Hopkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13460","article-title":"Using geometric morphometric visualizations of directional selection gradients to investigate morphological differentiation","volume":"72","author":"Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-009-9055-x","article-title":"Advances in geometric morphometrics","volume":"36","author":"Mitteroecker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richtsmeier, J.T., Cole, T.M., and Lele, S.R. (2005). An invariant approach to the study of fluctuating asymmetry: Developmental instability in a mouse model for Down syndrome. Modern Morphometrics in Physical Anthropology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-27614-9_8"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.2.469","article-title":"Shape, Procrustes tangent projections and bilateral symmetry","volume":"88","author":"Kent","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2307\/2411306","article-title":"Geometric Morphometrics of developmental instability: Analyzing patterns of fluctuating asymmetry with Procrustes methods","volume":"52","author":"Klingenberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"1909","article-title":"Shape analysis of symmetric structures: Quantifying variation among individuals and asymmetry","volume":"56","author":"Klingenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/87.2.285","article-title":"Statistical assessment of bilateral symmetry of shapes","volume":"87","author":"Mardia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comb\u00e8s, B., Hennessy, R., Waddington, J.L., Roberts, N., and Prima, S. (2008, January 24\u201326). Automatic symmetry plane estimation of bilateral objects in point clouds. Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition-CVPR\u20192008, Anchorage, AK, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2008.4587605"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comb\u00e8s, B., Fournier, M., Kennedy, D.N., Braga, J., Roberts, N., and Prima, S. (April, January 30). EM-ICP strategies for joint mean shape and correspondences estimation: Applications to statistical analysis of shape and of asymmetry. Proceedings of the 8th IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro (ISBI\u20192011), Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISBI.2011.5872630"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"547","article-title":"A three-dimensional analysis of bilateral directional asymmetry in the human clavicles","volume":"49","author":"Shirley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthrop."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.03.013","article-title":"Endocranial shape asymmetries in Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla assessed via skull based landmark analysis","volume":"59","author":"Balzeau","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.050","article-title":"The effect of handedness on the shape of the central sulcus","volume":"60","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sprung-Much, T., Eichert, N., Nolan, E., and Petrides, M. (2021). Broca\u2019s area and the search for anatomical asymmetry: Commentary and perspectives. Brain Struct. Funct., 1\u20139.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02357-x"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25499.x","article-title":"Morphological cerebral asymmetries of modern man, fossil man and nonhuman primate","volume":"280","author":"LeMay","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(77)90239-8","article-title":"Asymmetries of the skull and handedness","volume":"32","author":"LeMay","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330580111","article-title":"Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: Some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance","volume":"58","author":"Holloway","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthrop."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(99)00090-1","article-title":"Asymmetries in cerebral width in nonhuman primate brains as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)","volume":"38","author":"Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/713754406","article-title":"Cerebral volumetric asymmetries in non-human primates: A magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"6","author":"Pilcher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0857","article-title":"Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: A voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains","volume":"14","author":"Good","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.9.868","article-title":"Structural asymmetries in the human brain: A voxel-based statistical analysis of 142 MRI scans","volume":"11","author":"Watkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.05.014","article-title":"Gray matter asymmetries in chimpanzees as revealed by voxel-based morphometry","volume":"42","author":"Hopkins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330550312","article-title":"Volumetric and asymmetry determinations on recent hominid endocasts: Spy I and II, Djebel Ihroud I, and the Sal\u00e9 Homo erectus specimens","volume":"5","author":"Holloway","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthrop."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1097\/00004728-197809000-00018","article-title":"Asymmetries of the cerebral hemispheres on computed tomograms","volume":"2","author":"LeMay","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Falk, D., and Armstrong, E. (1976). Asymmetries of the brains and skulls of nonhuman primates. Primate Brain Evolution, Methods and Concepts, Plenum Press."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1126\/science.341314","article-title":"Right-left asymmetries in the brain","volume":"199","author":"Galaburda","year":"1978","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(86)80036-3","article-title":"Cerebral asymmetries on magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"22","author":"Kertesz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)91167-F","article-title":"Cortical asymmetries in frontal lobes of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"512","author":"Falk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Glick, S.D. (1985). Asymmetries of the brains and skulls of nonhuman primates. Cerebral Lateralization in Nonhuman Species, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1159\/000121838","article-title":"An anatomical asymmetry in the baboon brain","volume":"16","author":"Cain","year":"1979","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1159\/000115881","article-title":"Heritability and association of cortical petalias in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)","volume":"35","author":"Cheverud","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Evol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.12.008","article-title":"Hand preferences for coordinated bimanual actions in 777 great apes: Implications for the evolution of handedness in hominins","volume":"60","author":"Hopkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.082","article-title":"Cortical sulci asymmetries in chimpanzees and macaques: A new look at an old idea","volume":"61","author":"Bogart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.158","article-title":"Right hand, left brain: Genetic and evolutionary bases of cerebral asymmetries for language and manual action","volume":"3","author":"Corballis","year":"2012","journal-title":"WIREs Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-01818-0","article-title":"Cerebral torque is human specific and unrelated to brain size","volume":"224","author":"Xiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2008.11.005","article-title":"Broca\u2019s area: Nomenclature, anatomy, typology and asymmetry","volume":"109","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2005.01.002","article-title":"Internal cranial features of the Mojokerto child fossil (East Java, Indonesia)","volume":"48","author":"Balzeau","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2011.11.013","article-title":"A uniquely modern human pattern of endocranial development. Insights from a new cranial reconstruction of the Neandertal newborn from Mezmaiskaya","volume":"62","author":"Gunz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2010.10.018","article-title":"Brain development after birth differs between Neanderthals and modern humans","volume":"20","author":"Gunz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2010.06.011","article-title":"Endocranial shape changes during growth in chimpanzees and humans: A morphometric analysis of unique and shared aspects","volume":"59","author":"Neubauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.06.022","article-title":"Brain development is similar in Neanderthals and modern humans","volume":"26","author":"Bienvenu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2012.03.007","article-title":"Variations and asymmetries in regional brain surface in the genus Homo","volume":"62","author":"Balzeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Coulon, O., Sein, J., Auzias, G., Nazarian, B., Anton, J.L., Rousseau, F., Velly, L., and Girard, N. (July, January 23). High temporal resolution longitudinal observation of fetal brain development. A baboon pilot study. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Organization for Human Brain Mapping, Montreal, QC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130168","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.0168","article-title":"New insights into differences in brain organization between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans","volume":"280","author":"Pearce","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lemaitre, H., Le Guen, Y., Tilot, A.K., Stein, J.L., Philippe, C., Mangin, J.-F., Fisher, S.E., and Frouin, V. (2021). Genetic variations within human gained enhancer elements affect human brain sulcal morphology. bioRxiv, in press.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.10.459622"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.7203\/metode.7.7245","article-title":"Architect genes of the brain a look at brain evolution through genoarchitrecture","volume":"7","author":"Ferran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metode Sci. Stud. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6296","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24331-0","article-title":"Reconstructing the Neanderthal brain using computational anatomy","volume":"8","author":"Kochiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/10\/1974\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:18:22Z","timestamp":1760167102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/10\/1974"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13101974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13101974","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]]}}}