{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T23:30:29Z","timestamp":1769643029351,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Innovation Fund Project of Colleges and Universities in Gansu of China","award":["2021A-056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A-056"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province, China","award":["20JR5RA023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR5RA023"]}]},{"name":"Industrial Support and Guidance Project of Universities in Gansu Province, China","award":["2021CYZC-57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021CYZC-57"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31971792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31971792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wheat is a very important food crop for mankind. Many new varieties are bred every year. The accurate judgment of wheat varieties can promote the development of the wheat industry and the protection of breeding property rights. Although gene analysis technology can be used to accurately determine wheat varieties, it is costly, time-consuming, and inconvenient. Traditional machine learning methods can significantly reduce the cost and time of wheat cultivars identification, but the accuracy is not high. In recent years, the relatively popular deep learning methods have further improved the accuracy on the basis of traditional machine learning, whereas it is quite difficult to continue to improve the identification accuracy after the convergence of the deep learning model. Based on the ResNet and SENet models, this paper draws on the idea of the bagging-based ensemble estimator algorithm, and proposes a deep learning model for wheat classification, CMPNet, which is coupled with the tillering period, flowering period, and seed image. This convolutional neural network (CNN) model has a symmetrical structure along the direction of the tensor flow. The model uses collected images of different types of wheat in multiple growth periods. First, it uses the transfer learning method of the ResNet-50, SE-ResNet, and SE-ResNeXt models, and then trains the collected images of 30 kinds of wheat in different growth periods. It then uses the concat layer to connect the output layers of the three models, and finally obtains the wheat classification results through the softmax function. The accuracy of wheat variety identification increased from 92.07% at the seed stage, 95.16% at the tillering stage, and 97.38% at the flowering stage to 99.51%. The model\u2019s single inference time was only 0.0212 s. The model not only significantly improves the classification accuracy of wheat varieties, but also achieves low cost and high efficiency, which makes it a novel and important technology reference for wheat producers, managers, and law enforcement supervisors in the practice of wheat production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13112012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T21:42:05Z","timestamp":1635198125000},"page":"2012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Identification Method of Wheat Cultivars by Using a Convolutional Neural Network Combined with Images of Multiple Growth Periods of Wheat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jiameng","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yinmencun Road, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Chengzhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yinmencun Road, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9405-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junying","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yinmencun Road, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Qinglin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wheat Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 1, Xincun, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Hengxing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Training Section, Tianshui Agricultural School, No. 12, Taishan Road, Qingshui County, Tianshui 741400, China"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12, Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Xuguang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yinmencun Road, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Jiake","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, No. 1, Yinmencun Road, Anning District, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2010.12.013","article-title":"Wheat domestication: Lessons for the future","volume":"334","author":"Charmet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"OECD (2018). 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