{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:29:09Z","timestamp":1760236149437,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern vehicles have evolved to support connected and self-driving capabilities. The concepts such as connected driving, cooperative driving, and intelligent transportation systems have resulted in an increase in the connectivity of vehicles and subsequently created new information security risks. The original vehicular ad-hoc network term is now emerged to a new term, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), which is a typical application of symmetry of Internet of Things (IoT). Vehicle manufacturers address some critical issues such as software bugs or security issues through remote updates, and this gives rise to concerns regarding the security of updated components. Moreover, aftermarket units such as those imposed by transportation authorities or insurance companies expose vehicles to high risk. Software testing aims to ensure that software products are reliable and behave as expected. Many commercial and open-source software products undergo formal certifications to increase users\u2019 confidence in their accuracy, reliability, and security. There are different techniques for software certification, including test-based certification. Testcase repositories are available to support software testing and certification, such as the Linux Test Project for Linux kernel testing. Previous studies performed various testing and experimental evaluation of different parts of modern vehicles to assess the security risks. Due to the lack of trusted testcase repositories and a common approach for testing, testing efforts are performed individually. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based approach for a testcase repository to support test-based software and security testing and overcome the lack of trusted testcase repositories. The novel concept Proof-of-Validation to manage global state is proposed to manage updates to the repository. The initial work in this study considers the LTP test suite as a use case for the testcase repository. This research work is expected to contribute to the further development in including evidence generation for testing verification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13112024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]],"date-time":"2021-10-26T23:55:23Z","timestamp":1635292523000},"page":"2024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Trusting Testcases Using Blockchain-Based Repository Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdulla","family":"Al Zaabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan Yeob","family":"Yeun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Damiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Test-based security certification of composite services","volume":"13","author":"Anisetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Web (TWEB)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Xu, Z., Shi, S., Zhao, Y., and Zhao, J. (2018, January 10\u201312). A survey of blockchain applications in different domains. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Blockchain Technology and Application, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3301403.3301407"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118732","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005134","article-title":"A Novel Monitoring System for the Data Integrity of Reactor Protection System Using Blockchain Technology","volume":"8","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Nakamoto, S., and Bitcoin, A. (2021, September 27). A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Available online: https:\/\/www.debr.io\/article\/21260.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21127","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969820","article-title":"Blockchain-based distributed trust and reputation management systems: A survey","volume":"8","author":"Bellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Beniiche, A. (2020). A study of blockchain oracles. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85675","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2992698","article-title":"Trustworthy blockchain oracles: Review, comparison, and open research challenges","volume":"8","author":"Rehman","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"2018","article-title":"Chainlink a decentralized oracle network","volume":"11","author":"Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retrieved March"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Benet, J. (2014). Ipfs-content addressed, versioned, p2p file system. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, H., Li, K., and Zhang, J. (2017, January 11\u201314). An improved P2P file system scheme based on IPFS and Blockchain. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8258226"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulinska-Stangrecka, H., and Bagienska, A. (2018). Investigating the links of interpersonal trust in telecommunications companies. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10072555"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.09.011","article-title":"A new adaptive trust and reputation model for mobile agent systems","volume":"124","author":"Shehada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damiani, E., Ardagna, C.A., and El Ioini, N. (2008). Open Source Systems Security Certification, Springer Science & Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77324-7"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruger, R., and Eloff, J.H. (1997). A common criteria framework for the evaluation of information technology systems security. Information Security in Research and Business, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35259-6_16"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Qiu, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, F., Kyung, M., and Mahajan, H.R. (1985). Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria, National Computer Security Center, Citeseer."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmittner, C., Ma, Z., Reyes, C., Dillinger, O., and Puschner, P. (2016, January 20\u201323). Using SAE J3061 for automotive security requirement engineering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security, Trondheim, Norway.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45480-1_13"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2011). Road Vehicles\u2014Functional Safety, Standard, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2021). Road Vehicles\u2014Cybersecurity Engineering, Standard, International Organization for Standardization."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Larson, P. (2021, March 08). Testing Linux with the Linux Test Project. Ottawa Linux Symposium. Available online: https:\/\/courses.cs.vt.edu\/cs5204\/fall05-gback\/papers\/ols2002_proceedings.pdf#page=265."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nchinda, N., Cameron, A., Retzepi, K., and Lippman, A. (2019, January 18\u201321). MedRec: A network for personal information distribution. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCNC.2019.8685631"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Keller, M. (2019). Design and Implementation of a Blockchain-Based Trusted VNF Package Repository. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Z\u00fcrich]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheid, E.J., Keller, M., Franco, M.F., and Stiller, B. (2019, January 17\u201319). BUNKER: A Blockchain-based trUsted VNF pacKagE Repository. Proceedings of the International Conference on the Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services, Leeds, UK.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36027-6_16"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldarelli, G., and Ellul, J. (2021). Trusted academic transcripts on the blockchain: A systematic literature review. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11041842"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2020.2973710","article-title":"Docschain: Blockchain-Based IoT Solution for Verification of Degree Documents","volume":"7","author":"Rasool","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.25046\/aj0506102","article-title":"An Enhanced Conceptual Security Model for Autonomous Vehicles","volume":"5","author":"Zaabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. Technol. Eng. Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2013.18","article-title":"Security of autonomous systems employing embedded computing and sensors","volume":"33","author":"Wyglinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Micro"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szydlowski, C.P. (1992). Can Specification 2.0: Protocol and Implementations, SAE. Technical Report, SAE Technical Paper.","DOI":"10.4271\/921603"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talbot, S.C., and Ren, S. (2009, January 22\u201326). Comparision of fieldbus systems can, ttcan, flexray and lin in passenger vehicles. Proceedings of the 2009 29th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCSW.2009.15"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolf, M., Weimerskirch, A., and Paar, C. (2006). Secure in-vehicle communication. Embedded Security in Cars, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-28428-1_6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butty\u00e1n, L., Holczer, T., and Vajda, I. (2007). On the effectiveness of changing pseudonyms to provide location privacy in VANETs. European Workshop on Security in Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73275-4_10"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raya, M., and Hubaux, J.P. (2005, January 7). The security of vehicular ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 3rd ACM Workshop on Security of Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks, Alexandria, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1102219.1102223"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2008.4689252","article-title":"Secure vehicular communication systems: Design and architecture","volume":"46","author":"Papadimitratos","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bariah, L., Shehada, D., Salahat, E., and Yeun, C.Y. (2015, January 6\u20139). Recent advances in VANET security: A survey. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 82nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2015-Fall), Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2015.7391111"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7497762","article-title":"LTE evolution for vehicle-to-everything services","volume":"54","author":"Seo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"100182","article-title":"A survey on internet of vehicles: Applications, security issues & solutions","volume":"20","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Veh. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.5080","article-title":"Enhancing the security and performance of nodes in Internet of Vehicles","volume":"33","author":"Vijayarangam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almehrezi, F.R., Yeun, C.Y., Yoo, P.D., Damiani, E., Al Hammadi, Y., and Yeun, H. (2020, January 5\u20137). An Emerging Security Framework for Connected Autonomous Vehicles. Proceedings of the 2020 7th International Conference on Behavioural and Social Computing (BESC), Bournemouth, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/BESC51023.2020.9348317"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Forecast, C.C. (2013). Global connected car market to grow threefold within five years. GSMA Connected Living Programme: MAutomotive, GSMA."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2327587","article-title":"Connected vehicles: Solutions and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"23","article-title":"Internet of Vehicles: Your next connection","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Huawei WinWin"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2020.102150","article-title":"Cybersecurity for autonomous vehicles: Review of attacks and defense","volume":"103","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Secur."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/11\/2024\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:23:41Z","timestamp":1760167421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/11\/2024"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13112024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13112024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]}}}