{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:30:28Z","timestamp":1760236228060,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ISN State Key Laboratory fund","award":["No. ISN22-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ISN22-11"]}]},{"name":"Open Foundation for Graduate Innovation of NUAA","award":["No. KFJJ20200416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. KFJJ20200416"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Symmetry-based channel digital twin is a great technology which can reproduce the communication channel of real scenes for performance evaluation of the wireless sensor network (WSN) inside tower buildings, based on the ray tracing (RT) method and machine learning (ML) theories, a cluster-based channel model is proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, an improved k-means method, which considers the weight of different dimensions in the multipath component distance (MCD) is presented for clustering, which has better clustering performance over the sparsity-based algorithm and traditional k-means algorithm. Moreover, the channel parameters such as cluster delay and cluster power are also investigated. On this basis, the communication performance of WSN, i.e., bit error rate (BER) and channel capacity are derived and analyzed. The simulation and analysis results show that the cluster model based on the RT method can get approximately equivalent channel impulse response (CIR), and the BER of proposed model is consistent with the simulated one. These results can provide reference for the node layout and optimization of WSN inside tower buildings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13112154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]],"date-time":"2021-11-11T23:07:21Z","timestamp":1636672041000},"page":"2154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Channel Modeling and Analysis for the Sensor Network Inside Tower Buildings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wenping","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710000, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]},{"given":"Lugao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Beijing Institute of Astronautical Systems Engineering, Beijing 100076, China"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Key Laboratory of Dynamic Cognitive System of Electromagnetic Spectrum Space, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, G., and Zhu, Y. 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