{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:31:57Z","timestamp":1760236317011,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breakthrough advances in informatics over the last decade have thoroughly influenced the field of immunology. The intermingling of machine learning with wet lab applications and clinical results has hatched the newly defined immunoinformatics society. Immunoinformatics of the central neural system, referred to as neuroimmunoinformatics (NII), investigates symmetrical and asymmetrical interactions of the brain-immune interface. This interdisciplinary overview on NII is addressed to bioscientists and computer scientists. We delineate the dominating trajectories and field-shaping achievements and elaborate on future directions using bridging language and terminology. Computation, varying from linear modeling to complex deep learning approaches, fuels neuroimmunology through three core directions. Firstly, by providing big-data analysis software for high-throughput methods such as next-generation sequencing and genome-wide association studies. Secondly, by designing models for the prediction of protein morphology, functions, and symmetrical and asymmetrical protein\u2013protein interactions. Finally, NII boosts the output of quantitative pathology by enabling the automatization of tedious processes such as cell counting, tracing, and arbor analysis. The new classification of microglia, the brain\u2019s innate immune cells, was an NII achievement. Deep sequencing classifies microglia in \u201csensotypes\u201d to accurately describe the versatility of immune responses to physiological and pathological challenges, as well as to experimental conditions such as xenografting and organoids. NII approaches complex tasks in the brain-immune interface, recognizes patterns and allows for hypothesis-free predictions with ultimate targeted individualized treatment strategies, and personalizes disease prognosis and treatment response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13112168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,14]],"date-time":"2021-11-14T20:51:53Z","timestamp":1636923113000},"page":"2168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Brain Immunoinformatics: A Symmetrical Link between Informatics, Wet Lab and the Clinic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5810-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismini","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital\u2013Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Radiology, Suedharz Hospital Nordhausen, Dr.-Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 99734 Nordhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9867-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Suedharz Hospital Nordhausen, Dr.-Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 99734 Nordhausen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marios Nikos","family":"Psychogios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stathis","family":"Hadjidemetriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Computer Science, Cyprus International Institute of Management, Akadimias Avenue 21, Nicosia 2107, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"xii56","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx682","article-title":"Informatics for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Hammerbacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. 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