{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:36:07Z","timestamp":1768689367689,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51974311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51974311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Resident combustion of solid fuel has been widely acknowledged as a high potential for pollutant reduction. However, there is a marked asymmetry between more pollutant emission and less burned volatiles of biomass and coal in the combustion process. To study the solid fuel optimum combustion form in a household stove, both the pollution reduction and energy efficient utilization of crop straws and coals were investigated. Taking the molding pressure and clay addition ratio as variable process conditions, the research of bio-coal briquette (made from the mixture of anthracite and biomass) was implemented in the range of 15~35 MP and 5~15%, respectively. Biomass and coal work complementarily for each other\u2019s combustion property development. In particular, the pyrolysis gas produced by biomass low-temperature devolatilization is featured with low ignition point and is distributed in the bio-coal briquette. Its own combustion provides energy for anthracite particle combustion. Consequently, a positive effect was identified when bio-coal briquettes were used as residential fuel, and further improvement manifested in reducing more than 90% of particle matter (PM) and achieving about twice the thermal efficiencies (TEs) compared with the mass-weighted average values of coal briquettes and biomass briquettes. 88.8 \u00b1 11.8%, 136.7 \u00b1 13.7% and 81.4 \u00b1 17.7% more TEs were provided by wheat straw\u2013coal briquettes, rice straw\u2013coal briquettes and maize straw\u2013coal briquettes. 93.3 \u00b1 3.1% (wheat straw\u2013coal), 97.6 \u00b1 0.2% (rice straw\u2013coal) and 90.4 \u00b1 2.2% (maize straw\u2013coal) in terms of PM2.5 emission factors (EFs) was reduced. For bio-coal briquette, a 25 MPa and 10% addition were determined as the optimum molding pressure and clay addition ratio. Bio-coal briquettes with higher TEs and lower PM EFs will bring about substantial benefits for air quality promotion, human health and energy saving.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13112223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"2223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influence of Molding Technology on Thermal Efficiencies and Pollutant Emissions from Household Solid Fuel Combustion during Cooking Activities in Chinese Rural Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Qi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology, Xuzhou 221140, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xuzhou College of Industrial Technology, Xuzhou 221140, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-018-0158-4","article-title":"Quantifying the rural residential energy transition in China from 1992 to 2012 through a representative national survey","volume":"3","author":"Tao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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