{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T22:38:15Z","timestamp":1775860695404,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX18_1088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX18_1088"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["11772147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11772147"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["BK20200706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20200706"]}]},{"name":"Major University Science Research Project of Jiangsu Province, China","award":["20KJA460001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20KJA460001"]}]},{"name":"National Major Scientific Research Instrument Development Program","award":["12027901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12027901"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An equivalent theoretical homogenization method was proposed for composite sandwich cylinders subjected to pure bending. Firstly, based on a homogeneous orthotropic layer hypothesis, the trapezoidal corrugated sandwich core was found to be equivalent in a homogenization orthotropic layer with the nine equivalent mechanical properties. Then, Lekhnitskii\u2019s theory, based on a unified connection parameter method, was introduced and applied in the equivalent composite sandwich cylinder. The method developed by Lekhnitskii is suitable for arbitrary combinations of winding layers with different winding angles and materials. Additionally, the bending stiffness of the equivalent sandwich cylinder could be calculated. By developing user subroutine of UMAT, the numerical calculation results were in a good agreement with the results of the proposed method. Further, according to the Hill\u2013Tsai strength criterion and the maximum strain criterion, parametric study was done for specified bending stiffness and specified bending strength. The results show that the influence of core parameters on the specified bending stiffness and strength are lower than that of the skin parameters. Additionally, larger skin thickness and smaller winding angles could improve the specified bending stiffness and specified bending strength of the composite corrugated sandwich cylinders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13112225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]],"date-time":"2021-11-21T21:00:50Z","timestamp":1637528450000},"page":"2225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An Equivalent Homogenization Theoretical Method for Composite Sandwich Cylinders Subjected to Pure Bending"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuwei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibson, L.J., and Ashby, M.F. (1997). Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139878326"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00266-5","article-title":"Fabrication and structural performance of periodic cellular metal sandwich structures","volume":"63","author":"Wadley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2005.07.045","article-title":"The compressive and shear responses of corrugated and diamond lattice materials","volume":"43","author":"Deshpande","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2017.02.009","article-title":"Fabrication and testing of composite orthogrid sandwich cylinder","volume":"142","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2008.05.061","article-title":"Nonlinear mechanical properties of lattice truss materials","volume":"30","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.09.017","article-title":"The effect of temperature on the bending properties and failure mechanism of composite truss core sandwich structures","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2009.08.012","article-title":"Manufacturing and testing of a CFRC sandwich cylinder with Kagome cores","volume":"69","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.09.022","article-title":"Mechanical properties of hierarchical cellular materials. Part I: Analysis","volume":"68","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2010.09.014","article-title":"Finite-element modelling and buckling analysis of anisogrid composite lattice cylindrical shells","volume":"93","author":"Morozov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.06.047","article-title":"Analysis of failure loads and optimal design of composite lattice cylinder under axial compression","volume":"131","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2013.10.008","article-title":"Sandwich-walled cylindrical shells with lightweight metallic lattice truss cores and carbon fiber-reinforced composite face sheets","volume":"56","author":"Xiong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2017.12.033","article-title":"Fabrication and testing of composite corrugated-core sandwich cylinder","volume":"156","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.02.005","article-title":"Equivalent analysis and failure prediction of quasi-isotropic composite sandwich cylinder with lattice core under uniaxial compression","volume":"101","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Lekhnitskii, S.G. (1981). Theory of Elasticity of an Anisotropic Body, Mir Publisher."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(1994)120:12(2556)","article-title":"Analytical solution for bending of coaxial orthotropic cylinders","volume":"120","author":"Jolicoeur","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Eng. Mech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(01)00181-7","article-title":"Bending behavior of filament-wound fiber-reinforced sandwich pipes","volume":"56","author":"Xia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.02.030","article-title":"A limit-based approach to the stress analysis of cylindrically orthotropic composite cylinders (0\/90) subjected to pure bending","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.10.038","article-title":"A method to analyze the pure bending of tubes of cylindrically anisotropic layers with arbitrary angles including 0\u00b0 or 90\u00b0","volume":"109","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Libove, C., and Hubka, R.E. (1951). Elastic Constants for Corrugated-Core Sandwich Plates, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Tech. Note 2289."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2012.02.023","article-title":"Equivalent models of corrugated panels","volume":"49","author":"Xia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2012.12.042","article-title":"An equivalent material formulation for sinusoidal corrugated cores of structural sandwich panels","volume":"100","author":"Bartolozzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2013.10.012","article-title":"Equivalent properties for corrugated cores of sandwich structures: A general analytical method","volume":"108","author":"Bartolozzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.15632\/jtam-pl.52.4.971","article-title":"Transverse shear modulus of elasticity for thin-walled corrugated cores of sandwich beams. Theoretical study","volume":"52","author":"Magnucki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Theor. Appl. Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apm.2014.10.069","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of shearing effect for sandwich beams with sinusoidal corrugated cores","volume":"39","author":"Magnucki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Math. Model"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2017.06.035","article-title":"Three-dimensional elasticity solution for sandwich panels with corrugated cores by using energy method","volume":"119","author":"Shaban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107858","article-title":"Out-of-plane compressive performance and energy absorption of multi-layer graded sinusoidal corrugated sandwich panels","volume":"178","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2018.03.021","article-title":"An analytical approach for global buckling of composite sandwich cylindrical shells with lattice cores","volume":"146","author":"Ghahfarokhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids. Struct."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2021.116283","article-title":"Forced nonlinear vibrations of circular cylindrical sandwich shells with cellular core using higher-order shear and thickness deformation theory","volume":"510","author":"Yadav","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2019.111437","article-title":"Bloch wave based method for dynamic homogenization and vibration analysis of lattice truss core sandwich structures","volume":"229","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tws.2017.11.023","article-title":"Analytical solution for cylindrical bending of two-layered corrugated and webcore sandwich panels","volume":"123","author":"Pydah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thin-Walled Struct."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijengsci.2020.103327","article-title":"On the effective stiffnesses of corrugated plates of various geometries","volume":"154","author":"Kolpakov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(02)00246-5","article-title":"Homogenization of corrugated core sandwich panels","volume":"59","author":"Buannic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2018.03.040","article-title":"Experimental and numerical study on the modal characteristics of hybrid carbon fiber composite foam filled corrugated sandwich cylindrical panels","volume":"68","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Test"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.10.009","article-title":"Fabrication and mechanical behavior of carbon fiber composite sandwich cylindrical shells with corrugated cores","volume":"156","author":"Xiong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2015.04.048","article-title":"An equivalent model for trapezoidal corrugated cores based on homogenization method","volume":"131","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, F., Chen, L., Zhu, X., Lu, X., and Fang, D. (2020). Fabrication and uniaxial compression mechanical behavior of composite corrugated-core sandwich cylinder with thin-wall metal liner. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct., 1\u201314.","DOI":"10.1080\/15376494.2020.1800154"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2020.106901","article-title":"Numerical study of composite laminates subjected to low-velocity impact using a localized damage algorithm of Puck\u2019s 3D IFF criterion","volume":"228","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/11\/2225\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:33:33Z","timestamp":1760168013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/11\/2225"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["sym13112225"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym13112225","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,21]]}}}