{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:37:10Z","timestamp":1760236630029,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 036\u017dU-4\/2021: Implementation of modern methods of computer and experimental analy-sis of properties of vehicle components in the education of future vehicle designers"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 036\u017dU-4\/2021: Implementation of modern methods of computer and experimental analy-sis of properties of vehicle components in the education of future vehicle designers"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article presents the results of a study performed and substantiated based on the principles of a new method of diagnostics of technical conditions of a hybrid powertrain regardless of the structural diagram and design features of a hybrid vehicle. The presented new technology of the diagnostics of hybrid powertrains allows an objective complex assessment of their technical condition by diagnostic parameters in contrast to existing diagnostic methods. In the proposed method, a mechanism for the general standardization of diagnostic parameters has been developed as well as for determining the numerical values of the parameters of the powertrain. The control subset was used to control the learning error. As a result of debugging the system, the scatter of experimental and calculated points has decreased, which confirms the quality of debugging the tested fuzzy model. As a result of training the artificial neural network, the standard deviation of the error in the control sample was 0.012\u00b7Pk. A symmetry method of diagnostics of the technical state of a hybrid propulsion system was developed based on the concept of a neural network together with a neuro-fuzzy control with an adaptive criteria based on the method of training a neural network with reinforcement. The components of the vector functional include the criteria for control accuracy, the use of traction battery energy, and the degree of toxicity of exhaust gases. It is proposed to use the principle of symmetry of the guaranteed result and the linear inversion of the vector criterion into a supercriterion to determine the technical state of a hybrid powertrain on a set of Pareto-optimal controls under unequal conditions of optimality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13122356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T20:23:21Z","timestamp":1638908601000},"page":"2356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development of a Method for Evaluating the Technical Condition of a Car\u2019s Hybrid Powertrain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Oleksiy","family":"Bazhinov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Technical Operation and Service of Automobiles Named M. Govorushchenko, Kharkiv National Automobile and Highway University, Yaroslava Mudrogo 25, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juraj","family":"Gerlici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Handling Machines, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Kravchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Automobile and Transport Technologies, Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, Chudnivska 103, 10005 Zhytomyr, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Yevhen","family":"Haiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optimization of Technological Systems Named after T. Yevsiukov, Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture, Alchevsky 44, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Tetiana","family":"Bazhynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tractors and Automobiles, Kharkiv Petro Vasylenko National Technical University of Agriculture, Yaroslava Mudrogo 25, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine"}]},{"given":"Ruslan","family":"Zaverukha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automobiles, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, Ruska 56, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3775-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kateryna","family":"Kravchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transport and Handling Machines, University of Zilina, Univerzitna 1, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reif, K., Noreikat, K.E., and Borgeest, K. 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