{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:12:29Z","timestamp":1768281149475,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Science Foundation","award":["1913789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1913789"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Slow neutrons possess several advantageous properties which make them useful probes for a variety of exotic interactions, including some that can form at least some components of the dark matter of interest for this issue of Symmetry. We discuss the relevant neutron properties, describe some of the recent work that has been done along these lines using neutron experiments mainly with cold and ultra-cold neutrons, and outline some interesting and exciting opportunities which can be pursued using resonant epithermal neutron interactions in heavy nuclei.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:02:57Z","timestamp":1640224977000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Searches for Exotic Interactions Using Neutrons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8931-5513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William Michael","family":"Snow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Indiana University, 727 E. Third St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Haddock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Heacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nucl.55.090704.151611","article-title":"Fundamental Neutron Physics","volume":"55","author":"Nico","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2007.05.002","article-title":"The neutron. Its properties and basic interactions","volume":"60","author":"Abele","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.83.1111","article-title":"The Neutron and Its Role in Cosmology and Particle Physics","volume":"83","author":"Dubbers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530048","DOI":"10.1142\/S0217751X15300483","article-title":"Probing Dark Energy Models with Neutrons","volume":"30","author":"Pignol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.68.1472","article-title":"Constraint on hypothetical light interacting bosons from low-energy neutron experiments","volume":"68","author":"Leeb","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"075006","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.75.075006","article-title":"Constraint on the coupling of axionlike particles to matter via an ultracold neutron gravitational experiment","volume":"75","author":"Baessler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2009.09.025","article-title":"New constraints for CP-violating forces between nucleons in the range 1 micrometer to 1 centimeter","volume":"680","author":"Serebrov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1140\/epjc\/s10052-009-1150-8","article-title":"Limits on a nucleon\u2013nucleon monopole\u2013dipole coupling from spin relaxation of polarized ultra-cold neutrons in traps","volume":"64","author":"Ignatovich","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. C"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.108.181801","article-title":"Limits on the Axial Coupling Constant of New Light Bosons","volume":"108","author":"Piegsa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"082003","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.110.082003","article-title":"New Limit on Possible Long-Range Parity-Odd Interactions of the Neutron from Neutron-Spin Rotation in Liquid 4He","volume":"110","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2014.01.063","article-title":"A first experimental limit on in-matter torsion from neutron spin rotation in liquid 4He","volume":"730","author":"Lehnert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151105","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.112.151105","article-title":"Gravity Resonance Spectroscopy Constrains Dark Energy and Dark Matter Scenarios","volume":"112","author":"Jenke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2015.02.063","article-title":"Neutron interferometry constrains dark energy chameleon fields","volume":"743","author":"Lemmel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.93.062001","article-title":"Neutron limit on the strongly-coupled chameleon field","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2017.07.059","article-title":"Constraining spacetime nonmetricity with neutron spin rotation in liquid 4He","volume":"772","author":"Lehnert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2018.06.066","article-title":"A search for possible long range spin dependent interactions of the neutron from exotic vector boson exchange","volume":"783","author":"Haddock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-018-0205-x","article-title":"Acoustic Rabi oscillations between gravitational quantum states and impact on symmetron dark energy","volume":"14","author":"Cronenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00298-2","article-title":"Tests of fundamental quantum mechanics and dark interactions with low-energy neutrons","volume":"3","author":"Sponar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025008","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.90.025008","article-title":"Search for new physics with atoms and molecules","volume":"90","author":"Safronova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B1542","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.136.B1542","article-title":"Parity, Charge Conjugation, and Time Reversal in the Gravitational Interaction","volume":"136","author":"Leitner","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/0550-3213(88)90062-4","article-title":"Models and new phenomenological implications of a class of pseudo-Goldstone bosons","volume":"311","author":"Hill","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nucl.012809.104433","article-title":"The Low-Energy Frontier of Particle Physics","volume":"60","author":"Jaeckel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123530","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.81.123530","article-title":"String Axiverse","volume":"81","author":"Arvanitaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090001","DOI":"10.1088\/1674-1137\/38\/9\/090001","article-title":"Review of Particle Physics","volume":"38","author":"Olive","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Phys. C"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.29.1698","article-title":"Approximate Symmetries and Pseudo-Goldstone Bosons","volume":"29","author":"Weinberg","year":"1972","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151802","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.94.151802","article-title":"Massless gauge bosons other than the photon","volume":"94","author":"Dobrescu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035012","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.68.035012","article-title":"Nonexotic neutral gauge bosons","volume":"68","author":"Appelquist","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"005","DOI":"10.1088\/1126-6708\/2006\/11\/005","article-title":"Spin-dependent macroscopic forces from new particle exchange","volume":"11","author":"Dobrescu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. High Energy Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022113","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.99.022113","article-title":"Revisiting spin-dependent forces mediated by new bosons","volume":"99","author":"Fadeev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.51.1495","article-title":"Red giant bound on the axion-electron coupling reexamined","volume":"51","author":"Raffelt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Raffelt, G.G. (1995). Stars as Laboratories for Fundamental Physics, University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015001","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.86.015001","article-title":"Limits on a CP-violating scalar axion-nucleon interaction","volume":"86","author":"Raffelt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"031101(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.88.031101","article-title":"Improved limits on long-range parity-odd interactions of the neutron","volume":"88","author":"Adelberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218271806009558","article-title":"Evading the astrophysical limits on light pseudoscalars","volume":"15","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. D"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costantino, A., Fichet, S., and Tanedo, P. (2020). Exotic Spin-Dependent Forces from a Hidden Sector. J. High Energy Phys., 148.","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP03(2020)148"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131801","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.131801","article-title":"Quantum Forces from Dark Matter and Where to Find Them","volume":"120","author":"Fichet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115034","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.97.115034","article-title":"Bounding quantum dark forces","volume":"97","author":"Brax","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-2693(98)00466-3","article-title":"The Hierarchy Problem and New Dimensions at a Millimeter","volume":"429","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nucl.53.041002.110503","article-title":"Tests of the Gravitational Inverse-Square Law","volume":"53","author":"Adelberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2003.12.026","article-title":"Probing additional dimensions in the universe with neutron experiments","volume":"582","author":"Frank","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppnp.2008.08.002","article-title":"Torsion balance experiments: A low-energy frontier of particle physics","volume":"62","author":"Adelberger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33001","DOI":"10.1088\/0264-9381\/32\/3\/033001","article-title":"A review of short-range gravity experiments in the LHC era","volume":"32","author":"Murata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Class. Quantum Grav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034020","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.77.034020","article-title":"Neutron scattering and extra-short-range interactions","volume":"77","author":"Nesvizhevsky","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161101","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.161101","article-title":"Constraints on New Gravitylike Forces in the Nanometer Range","volume":"114","author":"Kamiya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.97.062002","article-title":"Search for deviations from the inverse square law of gravity at nm range using a pulsed neutron beam","volume":"97","author":"Haddock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063778806060020","article-title":"Constraints on New Interactions from Neutron Scattering Experiments","volume":"69","author":"Pokotilovski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. At. Nucl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114029","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.78.114029","article-title":"Bounds on new light particles from high-energy and very small momentum transfer np elastic scattering data","volume":"78","author":"Kamyshkov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033015","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/17\/3\/033015","article-title":"Constraints on extra dimensions from precision molecular spectroscopy","volume":"17","author":"Salumbides","year":"2015","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc2794","article-title":"Pendellosung interferometry probes the neutron charge radius, lattice dynamics, and fifth forces","volume":"373","author":"Heacock","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056013","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.101.056013","article-title":"Constraints on non-Newtonian gravity and axionlike particles from measuring the Casimir force in nanometer separation range","volume":"101","author":"Klimchitskaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1134\/S0021364009130025","article-title":"Neutron diffraction test on spin-dependent short range interaction","volume":"90","author":"Voronin","year":"2009","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.56.2229","article-title":"Neutron charge radius determined from the energy dependence of the neutron transmission of liquid 208Pb and 209Bi","volume":"56","author":"Kopecky","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2018.08.043","article-title":"Pendellosung interferometry by using pulsed neutrons","volume":"908","author":"Itoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4363(88)90165-9","article-title":"Neutron spin\u2013Pendellosung resonance","volume":"151","author":"Horne","year":"1988","journal-title":"Phys. B"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.100.034005","article-title":"Direct observation of neutron spin rotation in Bragg scattering due to the spin-orbit interaction in silicon","volume":"100","author":"Gentile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys1970","article-title":"Realization of a gravity-resonance-spectroscopy technique","volume":"7","author":"Jenke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065019","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.81.065019","article-title":"Ramsey\u2019s method of separated oscillating fields and its application to gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts","volume":"81","author":"Abele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05004","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201921905004","article-title":"Proof of principle for Ramsey-type gravity resonance spectroscopy with qBounce","volume":"219","author":"Sedmik","year":"2019","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105013","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.87.105013","article-title":"Influence of the chameleon field potential on transition frequencies of gravitationally bound quantum states of ultracold neutrons","volume":"87","author":"Ivanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085005","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.94.085005","article-title":"Exact solution for chameleon field, self-coupled through the Ratra-Peebles potential with n = 1 and confined between two parallel plates","volume":"94","author":"Ivanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimchitskaya, G.L., Mostepanenko, V.M., Sedmik, R.I.P., and Abele, H. (2019). Prospects for Searching Thermal Effects, Non-Newtonian Gravity and Axion-Like Particles: Cannex Test of the Quantum Vacuum. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11030407"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45230-0_10","article-title":"Quantum states of neutrons in the gravitational field and limits for non-Newtonian interaction in the range between 1 micron and 10 microns","volume":"631","author":"Abele","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lect. Notes Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2021.136640","article-title":"Quantum gravitational states of ultracold neutrons as a tool for probing of beyond-Riemann gravity","volume":"822","author":"Ivanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2009.07.096","article-title":"Ultracold-neutron infrastructure for the gravitational spectrometer GRANIT","volume":"611","author":"Andersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucl. Instr. Meth. A"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/415297a","article-title":"Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth\u2019s gravitational field","volume":"415","author":"Nesvizhevsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2009.07.059","article-title":"A method to measure the resonance transitions between the gravitationally bound quantum states of neutrons in the GRANIT spectrometer","volume":"611","author":"Kreuz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.90.015501","article-title":"New source for ultracold neutrons at the Institut Laue-Langevin","volume":"90","author":"Piegsa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9013","DOI":"10.1088\/0953-8984\/5\/49\/004","article-title":"Neutron reflection interferometry: Physical principles of surface analysis with phase information","volume":"5","author":"Gudkov","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Phys. Condens. Matter"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2013.01.022","article-title":"Strongly coupled chameleon fields: Possible test with a neutron Lloyd\u2019s mirror interferometer","volume":"719","author":"Pokotolovskii","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakajima, K., Kawakita, Y., Itoh, S., Abe, J., Aizawa, K., Aoki, H., Endo, H., Fujita, M., Funakoshi, K., and Gong, W. (2017). Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex II: Neutron Scattering Instruments. Quantum Beam Sci., 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/qubs1030009"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(90)90139-W","article-title":"Neutron polarization with a polarized 3He spin filter","volume":"288","author":"Coulter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucl. Inst. Meth. A"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"2185","article-title":"Some methods for polarizing the intermediate-energy neutrons and analyzing their polarization","volume":"44","author":"Taran","year":"1963","journal-title":"Zh. Eksp. Theo. Fiz."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2012.03.014","article-title":"Spin filtering neutrons with a proton target dynamically polarized using photo-excited triplet states","volume":"678","author":"Haag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucl. Inst. Meth."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takada, S., Tateishi, K., Wakabayashi, Y., Ikeda, Y., Yoshioka, T., Otake, Y., and Uesaka, T. (2020). Polarized proton spin filter for epithermal neutrons based on dynamic nuclear polarization using photo-excited triplet electron spins. Prog. Theo. Exp. Phys., 123G01.","DOI":"10.1093\/ptep\/ptaa111"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1103\/RevModPhys.71.445","article-title":"Parity violation in the compound nucleus","volume":"71","author":"Mitchell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev. Mod. Phys."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-1573(01)00016-3","article-title":"Parity violation in compound nuclei: Experimental methods and recent results","volume":"354","author":"Mitchell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.121.242002","article-title":"(NPDGamma Collaboration), First Observation of P-odd \u03b3 Asymmetry in Polarized Neutron Capture on Hydrogen","volume":"121","author":"Blyth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131803","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.131803","article-title":"(nHe3 Collaboration), First Precision Measurement of the Parity Violating Asymmetry in Cold Neutron Capture on 3He","volume":"125","author":"Gericke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.142501","article-title":"Demonstration of a Sensitive Method to Measure Nuclear-Spin-Dependent Parity Violation","volume":"120","author":"Altuntas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4051","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.70.4051","article-title":"Matrix elements between nuclear compound states and dynamical enhancement of the weak interaction","volume":"70","author":"Flambaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054607","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.62.054607","article-title":"Statistical theory of parity nonconservation in compound nuclei","volume":"62","author":"Tomsovic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flambaum, V.V., and Mansour, A.J. (2021). Parity and Time Reversal Invariance Violation in Neutron-Nucleus Scattering. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.105.015501"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"058501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.65.058501","article-title":"Parity violation in partial neutron capture reactions","volume":"65","author":"Hayes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14741-y","article-title":"Unveiling contextual realities by microscopically entangling a neutron","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Comm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023227","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.023227","article-title":"Neutron State Entanglement with Overlapping Paths","volume":"3","author":"Kuhn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1107\/S1600576715021573","article-title":"Spin echo modulated small-angle neutron scattering using superconducting magnetic Wollaston prisms","volume":"49","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Cryst."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15265","article-title":"Controlling neutron orbital angular momentum","volume":"525","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013605","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.94.013605","article-title":"Spin-orbit states of neutron wave packets","volume":"94","author":"Nsofini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103012","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/aae3ac","article-title":"Methods for preparation and detection of neutron spin-orbit states","volume":"20","author":"Sarenac","year":"2018","journal-title":"New J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"090402","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.120.090402","article-title":"Intrinsic Orbital Angular Momentum States of Neutrons","volume":"120","author":"Cappelletti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20328","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906861116","article-title":"Generation and detection of spin-orbit coupled neutron beams","volume":"116","author":"Sarenac","year":"2019","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"051601(R)","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.100.051601","article-title":"The Schwinger Scattering of Twisted Neutrons by Nuclei","volume":"100","author":"Afanasev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054612","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.103.054612","article-title":"Elastic scattering of twisted neutrons by nuclei","volume":"103","author":"Afanasev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"022205","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.103.022205","article-title":"Twisting Neutral Particles with Electric Fields","volume":"103","author":"Geerits","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.45.2088","article-title":"First Measurement of Parity-Nonconserving Neutron-Spin Rotation: The Tin Isotopes","volume":"45","author":"Forte","year":"1980","journal-title":"Phys. Rev Lett."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.133.B329","article-title":"Parity Nonconservation in Nuclei","volume":"133","author":"Michel","year":"1964","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.16.1726","article-title":"Model for scattering with parity violation","volume":"16","author":"Karl","year":"1977","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"470","article-title":"Nonconservation of spatial parity in the fission of heavy nuclei by polarized neutrons","volume":"30","author":"Petukhov","year":"1979","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"527","article-title":"Investigation of spatial parity breakdown effects in thermal polarized neutron capture reactions with the release of heavy charged particles","volume":"30","author":"Borovikova","year":"1979","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"41","article-title":"Asymmetry in the separation of fragments of the fission of 235U and 239Pu by slow polarized neutrons","volume":"32","author":"Petukhov","year":"1980","journal-title":"JETP Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"3231","article-title":"Parity violation in Nuclear Fission","volume":"23","author":"Danilian","year":"1980","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Usp."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1070\/PU1982v025n01ABEH004491","article-title":"Parity breaking in the interaction of neutrons with heavy nuclei","volume":"25","author":"Sushkov","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sov. Phys. Usp."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(83)90338-X","article-title":"Parity violation and related effects in neutron-induced reactions","volume":"401","author":"Bunakov","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"772","article-title":"P-odd asymmetry of fragments in fission 239Pu and 235U by monochromatic polarized neutrons with energies 0.05\u20130.6 eV","volume":"45","author":"Alexandrovich","year":"1987","journal-title":"Sov. J. Nucl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(89)90670-2","article-title":"Space parity violation in nuclear fission","volume":"502","author":"Petrov","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(94)90023-X","article-title":"New observation of space-parity violation in neutron-induced fission of 229Th, 241Pu and 241Am","volume":"567","author":"Alexandrovich","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Interference Effect in the Angular Distribution of Outgoing Particles in Ternary Fission Induced by Cold Polarized Neutrons","volume":"62","author":"Jesinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Phys. At. Nucl."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(99)01051-7","article-title":"Observation of a triple correlation in ternary fission: Is time reversal invariance violated?","volume":"440","author":"Jesinger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physletb.2007.06.057","article-title":"Rotation of the compound nucleus 236U* in the fission reaction 235U(n,f) induced by cold polarised neutrons","volume":"652","author":"Goennenwein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054619","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.93.054619","article-title":"Particular features of ternary fission induced by polarized neutrons in the major actinides 233U, 235U and 239P, 241Pu","volume":"93","author":"Gagarski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00010","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201816900010","article-title":"Measurement of the ROT effect in the neutron induced fission of 235U in the 0.3 eV resonance at a hot source of polarized neutrons","volume":"169","author":"Kopatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063778819030116","article-title":"Relation of Experimental Features of P-Even, T-Odd Asymmetries in Ternary Nuclear Fission Induced by Cold Polarized Neutrons to Triple and Quintuple Scalar Correlations","volume":"82","author":"Kadmensky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Atm. Nucl."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"32","article-title":"Violation of CP Invariance, C Asymmetry, and Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe","volume":"5","author":"Sakharov","year":"1967","journal-title":"Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-2693(90)91390-W","article-title":"On the test of CP-violation models in neutron reactions","volume":"B243","author":"Gudkov","year":"1990","journal-title":"Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10751-013-0783-z","article-title":"Discovery potential in a search for time-reversal invariance violation in nuclei","volume":"214","author":"Gudkov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065503","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.90.065503","article-title":"Search for time reversal invariance violation in neutron transmission","volume":"90","author":"Bowman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.44.2187","article-title":"Parity nonconservation in polarized-neutron transmission through 139La","volume":"44","author":"Yuan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R2576","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.53.R2576","article-title":"Observation of a large parity nonconserving analyzing power in Xe","volume":"53","author":"Szymanski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R2573","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.53.R2573","article-title":"Isotopic identification of the parity-violating neutron p-wave resonance at energy E = 3.2 eV in Xe","volume":"53","author":"Skoy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(83)90649-8","article-title":"Parity Nonconservation in Neutron Resonances","volume":"398","author":"Alfimenkov","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.46.1542","article-title":"Parity nonconservation for the 0.88-eV neutron resonance in 81Br","volume":"46","author":"Frankle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0375-9474(93)90494-I","article-title":"Longitudinal asymmetry and gamma-ray angular distribution in neutron radiative capture reactions","volume":"552","author":"Shimizu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0370-1573(92)90121-F","article-title":"On CP violation in nuclear reactions","volume":"212","author":"Gudkov","year":"1992","journal-title":"Phys. Rept."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063779607060044","article-title":"Current Status of Research on T Invariance in Neutron\u2013Nuclear Reactions","volume":"38","author":"Beda","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Part. Nucl."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034622","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.97.034622","article-title":"Angular distribution of \u03b3 rays from neutron-induced compound states of 140La","volume":"97","author":"Okudaira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Masuda, Y. (1990). T violation in neutron-nucleus interaction, International Workshop on Polarized Ion Sources and Polarized Gas Jets."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(93)91266-P","article-title":"Possible nuclear polarization of 139La in Nd3+:LaAlO3 for the test of time reversal invariance","volume":"A336","author":"Takahashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(99)01054-2","article-title":"Dynamic nuclear polarization in crystals of Nd3+:LaAlO3, a polarized 139La target for a test of time-reversal invariance","volume":"A440","author":"Hautle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Meth."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Keith, C.D. Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"Molway, M.J., Bales-Shaffer, L., Ranta, K., Basler, D., Murphy MKidd, B.E., Gafar, A.T., Porter, J., Albin, K., Goodson, B.M., and Chekmenev, E.Y. (Phys. Rev. A, 2021). Two-Orders-of-Magnitude Improvement in the Total Spin Angular Momentum of 131Xe Nuclei Using Spin Exchange Optical Pumping, Phys. Rev. A, submitted."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"Goodson, B., Chekmenev, E., Shchepin, R., Curole, J., and Snow, W.M. (Angew. Chem., 2021). Progress Toward A Search for Time Reversal Violation in Polarized Neutron Transmission on the 1.33 eV P-Wave Resonance in Polarized 117Sn Using SABRE, Angew. Chem., submitted."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-2693(02)01263-7","article-title":"Best Values for the CP-odd Meson-Nucleon Couplings from Supersymmetry","volume":"B530","author":"Pospelov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aop.2005.04.002","article-title":"Electric dipole moments as probes of new physics","volume":"318","author":"Pospelov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025501","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.84.025501","article-title":"Time reversal invariance violating and parity conserving effects in neutron-deuteron scattering","volume":"84","author":"Song","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"054016","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.90.054016","article-title":"Distinguishing axions from generic light scalars using electric dipole moment and fifth-force experiments","volume":"90","author":"Mantry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015504","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.100.015504","article-title":"Time-reversal invariance violation in neutron-nucleus scattering","volume":"100","author":"Fadeev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"042318","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.101.042318","article-title":"An Operator Analysis of Contextuality Witness Measurements for Multimode-Entangled Single Neutron Interferometry","volume":"101","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. A"},{"key":"ref_138","unstructured":"Naudet, R. (1991). Oklo: Des Reacteurs Nucleaires Fossiles, Eyrolles."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034302","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.79.034302","article-title":"Enhanced effect of quark mass variation in 229Th and limits from Oklo data","volume":"79","author":"Flambaum","year":"2009","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"024610","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevC.85.024610","article-title":"176Lu\/175Lu thermometry for the Oklo natural reactors: A new examination of old data","volume":"85","author":"Gould","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. C"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"092502","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.97.092502","article-title":"Enhanced Effect of Temporal Variation of the Fine Structure Constant and the Strong Interaction in 229Th","volume":"97","author":"Flambaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-021-00286-6","article-title":"The thorium-229 low-energy isomer and the nuclear clock","volume":"3","author":"Beeks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Phys."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123002","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.82.123002","article-title":"Limits on the time variation of the Fermi constant GF based on type 1A supernova observations","volume":"82","author":"Ferrero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:51:09Z","timestamp":1760169069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}}}