{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T19:36:09Z","timestamp":1770752169574,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/142009\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/142009\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID04045\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID04045\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The different characteristics of the four swimming strokes affect the interplay between the four limbs, acting as a constraint to the force produced by each hand and foot. The purpose of this study was to analyze the symmetry of force production with a varying number of limbs in action and see its effect on velocity. Fifteen male swimmers performed four all-out bouts of 25-m swims in the four strokes in full-body stroke and segmental actions. A differential pressure system was used to measure the hands\/feet propulsive force and a mechanical velocity meter was used to measure swimming velocity. Symmetry index was calculated based on the force values. All strokes and conditions presented contralateral limb asymmetries (ranging from 6.73% to 28% for the peak force and from 9.3% to 35.7% for the mean force). Backstroke was the most asymmetric stroke, followed-up by butterfly, front crawl, and breaststroke. Kicking conditions elicited the higher asymmetries compared with arm-pull conditions. No significant associations were found between asymmetries and velocity. The absence of such association suggests that, to a certain and unknown extent, swimming may benefit from contralateral limb asymmetry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14010012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T02:02:57Z","timestamp":1640224977000},"page":"12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Is There Any Effect of Symmetry on Velocity of the Four Swimming Strokes?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Raul","family":"Bartolomeu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilha, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-8091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilha, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5502-1202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rio","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Sports Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7071-2116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Bragan\u00e7a, Campus de Santa Apol\u00f3nia, 5300-253 Braganca, Portugal"},{"name":"Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Proposal of a deterministic model to explain swimming performance","volume":"2","author":"Barbosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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