{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:28:26Z","timestamp":1772850506767,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012107","name":"The Waterloo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["917-3756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["917-3756"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012107","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in hand morphology throughout human evolution have facilitated the use of forceful pad-to-pad precision grips, contributing to the development of fine motor movement and dexterous manipulation typical of modern humans. Today, variation in human hand function may be affected by demographic and\/or lifestyle factors, but these remain largely unexplored. We measured pinch grip strength and dexterity in a heterogeneous cross-sectional sample of human participants (n = 556) to test for the potential effects of sex, age, hand asymmetries, hand morphology, and frequently practiced manual activities across the lifespan. We found a significant effect of sex on pinch strength, dexterity, and different directional asymmetries, with the practice of manual musical instruments, significantly increasing female dexterity for both hands. Males and females with wider hands were also stronger, but not more precise, than those with longer hands, while the thumb-index ratio had no effect. Hand dominance asymmetry further had a significant effect on dexterity but not on pinch strength. These results indicate that different patterns of hand asymmetries and hand function are influenced in part by life experiences, improving our understanding of the link between hand form and function and offering a referential context for interpreting the evolution of human dexterity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14010071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:35:09Z","timestamp":1641771309000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Precision of the Human Hand: Variability in Pinch Strength and Manual Dexterity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1840-6423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ameline","family":"Bardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR 7194-HNHP, PaleoFED Team, D\u00e9partement Homme et Environnement, Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Homme, 17 Place du Trocad\u00e9ro, 75016 Paris, France"},{"name":"Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Town","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK"}]},{"given":"Tracy L.","family":"Kivell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NR, UK"},{"name":"Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Donati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK"}]},{"given":"Haiko","family":"Ballieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK"}]},{"given":"Cosmin","family":"Stamate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2228-8194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trudi","family":"Edginton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK"}]},{"given":"Gillian S.","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London W1CE 7HX, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::AID-AJPA8>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools","volume":"102","author":"Marzke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. 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