{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T14:32:35Z","timestamp":1774276355403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["116807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["116807"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SARCHI Chair for Industrial CFD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SARCHI Chair for Industrial CFD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Computational models of cerebral aneurysm thrombosis are designed for use in research and clinical applications. A steady flow assumption is applied in many of these models. To explore the accuracy of this assumption a pulsatile-flow thrombin-transport computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, which uses a symmetrical idealized aneurysm geometry, was developed. First, a steady-flow computational model was developed and validated using data from an in vitro experiment, based on particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experimental data revealed an asymmetric flow pattern in the aneurysm. The validated computational model was subsequently altered to incorporate pulsatility, by applying a data-derived flow function at the inlet boundary. For both the steady and pulsatile computational models, a scalar function simulating thrombin generation was applied at the aneurysm wall. To determine the influence of pulsatility on thrombin transport, the outputs of the steady model were compared to the outputs of the pulsatile model. The comparison revealed that in the pulsatile case, an average of 10.2% less thrombin accumulates within the aneurysm than the steady case for any given time, due to periodic losses of a significant amount of thrombin-concentrated blood from the aneurysm into the parent vessel\u2019s bloodstream. These findings demonstrate that pulsatility may change clotting outcomes in cerebral aneurysms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14010133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effect of Pulsatility on the Transport of Thrombin in an Idealized Cerebral Aneurysm Geometry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Struan","family":"Hume","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc Ilunga","family":"Tshimanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1224-0477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Geoghegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Biomedical Engineering, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7460-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud G.","family":"Malan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8739-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei Hua","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa"},{"name":"School of Mechanical, Industrial and Aeronautical Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3639-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malebogo N.","family":"Ngoepe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7701, South Africa"},{"name":"Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000153927.70897.A2","article-title":"Thrombotic Intracranial Aneurysms: Classification Scheme and Management Strategies in 68 Patients","volume":"56","author":"Lawton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1986.65.3.0411","article-title":"MRI demonstration of clot in a small unruptured aneurysm causing stroke. Case report","volume":"65","author":"Eller","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2006.03.030","article-title":"How does spontaneous hemostasis occur in ruptured cerebral aneurysms? Preliminary investigation on 247 clipping surgeries","volume":"66","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2010.08.016","article-title":"Unruptured intracranial aneurysm as a cause of cerebral ischemia","volume":"113","author":"Calviere","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.00306","article-title":"Thrombosis in cerebral aneurysms and the computational modeling thereof: A review","volume":"9","author":"Ngoepe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000000678","article-title":"Thrombin generation estimates the anticoagulation effect of direct oral anticoagulants with significant interindividual variability observed","volume":"29","author":"Rigano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01587953","article-title":"Histological and ultrastructural study of intracranial saccular aneurysmal wall","volume":"43","author":"Scanarini","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010989418250","article-title":"Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Mechanics of Intracranial Saccular Aneurysms","volume":"61","author":"Humphrey","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Elast."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42887","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M505506200","article-title":"The tissue factor requirement in blood coagulation","volume":"280","author":"Orfeo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1982.56.1.0053","article-title":"Platelet interaction within giant intracranial aneurysms","volume":"56","author":"Sutherland","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.5.2311","article-title":"Blood-borne tissue factor: Another view of thrombosis","volume":"96","author":"Giesen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4352","article-title":"Platelet deposition inhibits tissue factor activity: In vitro clots are impermeable to factor Xa","volume":"104","author":"Hathcock","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.109.200956","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms underlying the formation of circulating microparticles","volume":"31","author":"Morel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peach, T.W., Ngoepe, M., Spranger, K., and Ventikos, Y. (2014). Personalizing flow-diverter intervention for cerebral aneurysms: From computational hemodynamics to biochemical modeling. Int. J. Numer. Methods Biomed. Eng., 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.1002\/cnm.2663"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-008-9561-5","article-title":"Numerical modeling of the flow in intracranial aneurysms: Prediction of regions prone to thrombus formation","volume":"36","author":"Rayz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"20140163","article-title":"A haemodynamic predictor of intraluminal thrombus formation in abdominal aortic aneurysms","volume":"470","author":"Tellides","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. London A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13220","article-title":"Computational modelling of clot development in patient- specific cerebral aneurysm cases","volume":"14","author":"Ngoepe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"A computational model based on fibrin accumulation for the prediction of stasis thrombosis following flow-diverting treatment in cerebral aneurysms","volume":"55","author":"Ou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.04.045","article-title":"A computational model for prediction of clot platelet content in flow-diverted intracranial aneurysms","volume":"91","author":"Lassila","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.09.059","article-title":"PECAM-1 phosphorylation and tissue factor expression in HUVECs exposed to uniform and disturbed pulsatile flow and chemical stimuli","volume":"61","author":"Moriguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.522.7","article-title":"Thrombin Generation Kinetics Under Constant and Pulsatile Shear Stress","volume":"33","author":"Steadman","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/MAT.0b013e3181db2476","article-title":"Effect of pulsatile blood flow on thrombosis potential with a step wall transition","volume":"56","author":"Corbett","year":"2010","journal-title":"ASAIO J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/09544119JEIM894","article-title":"Non-Newtonian and flow pulsatility effects in simulation models of a stented intracranial aneurysm","volume":"225","author":"Cavazzuti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part. H J. Eng. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10665-009-9270-6","article-title":"On automated analysis of flow patterns in cerebral aneurysms based on vortex identification","volume":"64","author":"Mulder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eng. Math."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"24","article-title":"Evaluation of a Desktop 3D Printed Rigid Refractive-Indexed-Matched Flow Phantom for PIV Measurements on Cerebral Aneurysms","volume":"11","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Jermy, M.C. (2013, January 16\u201320). Making it clear: Flexible, transparent laboratory flow models for soft and hard problems. Proceedings of the 8th World Conference on Experimental Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics, and Thermodynamics, Lisbon, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aqueous ammonium thiocyanate solutions as refractive index-matching fluids with low density and viscosity","volume":"57","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s10665-009-9266-2","article-title":"Hemodynamics in Normal Cerebral Arteries: Qualitative Comparison of 4D Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance and Image-Based Computational Fluid Dynamics","volume":"64","author":"Cebral","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Eng. Math."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-011-1258-0","article-title":"Fabrication of rigid and flexible refractive-index-matched flow phantoms for flow visualisation and optical flow measurements","volume":"52","author":"Geoghegan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Raffel, M., Willert, C.E., Wereley, S.T., and Kompenhans, J. (2002). Particle Image Velocimetry: A Practical Guide, Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expthermflusci.2016.08.021","article-title":"POD-based background removal for particle image velocimetry","volume":"80","author":"Mendez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Thielicke, W., and Stamhuis, E.J. (2010). PIVlab\u2014Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry Tool for MATLAB 2010, MathWorks."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kundu, P.K., and Cohen, I.M. (2008). Fluid Mechanics, Elsevier Inc.. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1718","article-title":"Intracranial blood-flow velocity and pressure measurements using an intra-arterial dual-sensor guidewire","volume":"31","author":"Ferns","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.13593","article-title":"Computational modelling of clot development in patient-specific cerebral aneurysm cases: Rebuttal","volume":"15","author":"Kremers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00104","article-title":"A Preliminary Computational Investigation Into the Flow of PEG in Rat Myocardial Tissue for Regenerative Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Ngoepe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2008.01.021","article-title":"Thrombosis modeling in intracranial aneurysms: A lattice Boltzmann numerical algorithm","volume":"179","author":"Ouared","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90052-5","article-title":"Post-stenotic core flow behavior in pulsatile flow and its effects on wall shear stress","volume":"23","author":"Lieber","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4555","article-title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Intra-Aneurysmal, Flow-Diverter-Induced","volume":"37","author":"Gester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/1\/133\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:27:08Z","timestamp":1760362028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/1\/133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14010133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14010133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]}}}