{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T06:20:00Z","timestamp":1773382800998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020","award":["958303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["958303"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The manufacture of parts by metal forming is a widespread technique in sectors such as oil and gas and automotives. It is therefore important to make a research effort to know the correct set of parameters that allow the manufacture of correct parts. This paper presents a process analysis by means of the finite element model. The use case presented in this paper is that of a 3-m diameter pipe component with a thickness of 22 mm. In this type of application, poor selection of process conditions can result in parts that are out of tolerance, both in dimensions and shape. A 3D finite element model is made, and the symmetry of the tube section generated in 2D is analysed. As a novelty, an analysis of the process correction as a function of the symmetrical deformation of the material in this case in the form of a pipe is carried out. The results show a correct fitting of the model and give guidelines for manufacturing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14020228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1643144831000},"page":"228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Three-Dimensional Finite Element Modelling of Sheet Metal Forming for the Manufacture of Pipe Components: Symmetry Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trunal","family":"Bhujangrao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Cient\u00edfico, Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Gipuzkoa, 20009 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9311-8635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Veiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Cient\u00edfico, Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Gipuzkoa, 20009 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Engineering, Campus Arrosad\u00eda, Public University of Navarre, Los Pinos Building, 31006 Pamplona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mariluz","family":"Penalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Cient\u00edfico, Parque Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Gipuzkoa, 20009 Donostia-San Sebasti\u00e1n, Spain"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIMEN Technology Center, 36410 O Porri\u00f1o, Spain"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDESA Ingenier\u00eda y Dise\u00f1o Europeo, PCTG. Edificio F\u00e9lix Herreros, 33203 Gij\u00f3n, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2015.05.001","article-title":"Metal forming beyond shaping: Predicting and setting product properties","volume":"64","author":"Tekkaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2019.05.007","article-title":"Models and modelling for process limits in metal forming","volume":"68","author":"Volk","year":"2019","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2020.07.017","article-title":"Smart manufacturing and intelligent manufacturing: A comparative review","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starman, B., Cafuta, G., and Mole, N. (2021). A Method for Simultaneous Optimization of Blank Shape and Forming Tool Geometry in Sheet Metal Forming Simulations. Metals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/met11040544"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ralph, B., and Stockinger, M. (2020). XXXIX Colloquium on Metal Forming 2020, Montanuniversit\u00e4t Leoben, Lehrstuhl f\u00fcr Umformtechnik."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6955(98)00075-3","article-title":"Continuous four-roll plate bending: A production process for the manufacture of single seamed tubes of large and medium diameters","volume":"36","author":"Hua","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/SSP.316.538","article-title":"Development of New Methods for the Production of Large-Diameter Double-Seam Pipes","volume":"Volume 316","author":"Batalov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Solid State Phenomena"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-011-3208-7","article-title":"Investigation of the effect of roll forming pass design on main redundant deformations on profiles from AHSS","volume":"56","author":"Paralikas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7403(88)90071-9","article-title":"Simulation of pyramid type three-roll bending process","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"82","article-title":"Simulation of the three-roll pyramid type plate bending machine: Multi-bending process","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mach. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2011.05.006","article-title":"Modeling and simulation of asymmetrical three-roll bending process","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1367338","article-title":"Kinematics based determination of the rolling region in roll bending for smoothly curved plates","volume":"123","author":"Shin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Manuf. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.06.033","article-title":"Analytical and Empirical Modeling of Top Roller Position for Three-Roller Cylindrical Bending of Plates and Its Experimental Verification","volume":"197","author":"Gandhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Urbikain, G., Alvarez, A., L\u00f3pez de Lacalle, L.N., Arsuaga, M., Alonso, M.A., and Veiga, F. (2017). A Reliable Turning Process by the Early Use of a Deep Simulation Model at Several Manufacturing Stages. Machines, 5.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201703.0196.v1"}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/2\/228\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:07:03Z","timestamp":1760134023000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/2\/228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14020228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14020228","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]}}}