{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:34:19Z","timestamp":1777606459167,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For over 100 y, scientists have investigated the properties of the proton, which is one of the most abundant components of visible matter in the universe. Nevertheless, researchers do not fully understand many details about its internal structure and dynamics. Time-like electromagnetic form factors are some of the observable quantities that can help us achieve a deeper understanding. In this review article, we present an overview of the current experimental status in this field, consisting of measurements of the time-like reactions e+e\u2212\u2192pp\u00af and pp\u00af\u2192e+e\u2212 and future measurements of pp\u00af\u2192\u03bc+\u03bc\u2212. The focus is put on recent high-precision results of the reaction e+e\u2212\u2192pp\u00af that have been obtained after analyzing 688.5 pb\u22121 of data taken at the BESIII experiment. They are compared to and put into perspective with results from previous measurements in this channel. We discuss the channels pp\u00af\u2192e+e\u2212 and pp\u00af\u2192\u03bc+\u03bc\u2212 in terms of the few existing, as well as future measurements, which the PANDA experiment will perform. Finally, we review several new theoretical models and phenomenological approaches inspired by the BESIII high-precision results and then discuss their implications for a deeper understanding of the proton\u2019s structure and inner dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14020231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T21:07:11Z","timestamp":1643144831000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Proton Electromagnetic Form Factors in the Time-like Region through the Scan Technique"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9757-8172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2301-2114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Rosner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Staudinger Weg 18, D-55099 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9907-133X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yadi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7671-7644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9271-1883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank E.","family":"Maas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Institute Mainz, Staudinger Weg 18, D-55099 Mainz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rinaldo Baldini","family":"Ferroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haiming","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"School of Physical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-3181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangshun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, Hefei 230026, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.52.535","article-title":"The Magnetic Moment of the Proton","volume":"52","author":"Estermann","year":"1937","journal-title":"Phys. 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