{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:53:35Z","timestamp":1760151215011,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]],"date-time":"2022-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51505480, 72001203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51505480, 72001203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the process of product design, design changes are unavoidable due to the diversification of customer requirements and the advancement of key technologies. Although modules are supposed to be functionally independent and \u201clow-coupling\u201d in modular products, the design change in a module can still propagate into other modules due to the interfaces among them, and this propagation increases the product development lead-time and costs. This study aims to solve the problem of cross-module propagation in design change. First, the dependence of modules on interfaces is analyzed from the perspectives of complex network characteristics, change propagation characteristics, and cost dependence, and then the correlation between modules is determined. Second, the cross-module change propagation impact is evaluated considering node importance, change cost, and propagation path length. The control strategies of cross-module design change propagation are proposed from the aspects of increasing the tolerance of interface and reducing the dependence of modules on interface, etc. Finally, a certain type of sanitation vehicle cab is utilized as an example to demonstrate the assessment process of the cross-module propagation impact of design change and to verify the feasibility of the proposed method and control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14020368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,13]],"date-time":"2022-02-13T20:35:28Z","timestamp":1644784528000},"page":"368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Research on Control Strategy of Design Change Cross-Module Propagation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Haibing","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2977-8740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yupeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongbo","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingna","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Mines, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00625968","article-title":"Better verification through symmetry","volume":"9","author":"Ip","year":"1996","journal-title":"Form. Methods Syst. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Association Analysis between Modules and Decoupling Strategies in Modular Product Design","volume":"26","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-002-0020-2","article-title":"Design for variety: Developing standardized and modularized product platform architectures","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-007-0032-z","article-title":"Flexible product platforms: Framework and case study","volume":"18","author":"Suh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820802232517","article-title":"An analytic network process approach to measuring design change impacts in modular products","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1765117","article-title":"Predicting Change Propagation in Complex Design","volume":"126","author":"Clarkson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1108\/02635571211225468","article-title":"Simulation of new product development and engineering changes","volume":"112","author":"Reddi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ind. Manag. Data Syst."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"32","article-title":"Analysis and Evaluation of the Impacts on Engineering Change","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/09544820701232436","article-title":"The Transdisciplinary Product Development Lifecycle model","volume":"19","author":"Gumus","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2012.04.006","article-title":"A process simulation based method for scheduling product design change propagation","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060415000311","article-title":"A shortest path method for sequential change propagations in complex engineering design processes","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"294","article-title":"Multi-Objective Path Optimization for Design Change Propagation on Complex Product","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mach. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wang, H., Sun, B., Wang, J., and Wei, X. (2004). Methods Supporting Product Modularization Process Design for Mass Customization. Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst., 1171\u20131176."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Li, C. (2010). Introduction to Standardization, China Renmin University Press. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"125","article-title":"Research on Complex Product Systems","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. Sci. Manag. S. & T."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"149","article-title":"Overview of Modular Product Development","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China Part A Phys. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601197223005","article-title":"Theory Orientations of Organization Development (OD) Practitioners","volume":"22","author":"Bazigos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Group Organ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/14759550302804","article-title":"The Architecture of Complexity","volume":"9","author":"Kornberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cult. Organ."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(94)00775-3","article-title":"The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm","volume":"24","author":"Ulrich","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/09544829108901686","article-title":"Model-based Approaches to Managing Concurrent Engineering","volume":"2","author":"Eppinger","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Eppinger, S.D. (1997, January 19\u201321). A Planning Method for Integration of Large-Scale Engineering Systems. Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, Tampere, Finland."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Otto, K.N., and Wood, K.L. (2001). Product Design: Techniques in Reverse Engineering and New Product Design, Stanford University."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060404040028","article-title":"Product Platform Design and Customization: Status and Promise","volume":"18","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Lai, X. (2008). Design Structure Matrix-Based Product Representation for Life-Cycle Process-Based Modularity, Michigan Technological University."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-007-1010-3","article-title":"Representation of similarity and dependency for assembly modularity","volume":"37","author":"Lai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Suh, N.P. (1990). The Principles of Design, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2008.07.020","article-title":"Evaluation of product customization strategies through modularization and postponement","volume":"120","author":"Brun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Econ."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"321","article-title":"C-FAR, change favorable representation","volume":"32","author":"Cohen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Des."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2003.810826","article-title":"Managing modularity of product architectures: Toward an integrated theory","volume":"50","author":"Mikkola","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1090.1117","article-title":"The Impact of Misalignment of Organizational Structure and Product Architecture on Quality in Complex Product Development","volume":"56","author":"Gokpinar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"13","article-title":"From Business Opportunity to Cost Target","volume":"7","author":"Poortinga","year":"1999","journal-title":"AACE Int. Trans."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2010.01.154","article-title":"Analysis of Engineering Change Impacts Based on Design Structure Matrix","volume":"46","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10845-010-0454-8","article-title":"A network-based assessment approach for change impacts on complex product","volume":"23","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intell. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-012-3974-x","article-title":"Modeling and managing Engineering Changes in a complex product development process","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219622017500195","article-title":"Network-Based Analysis of Requirement Change in Customized Complex Product Development","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1429","article-title":"Design Change Impact Assessment for Complex Product Based Complex Networks Propagation Dynamics","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2016.08.002","article-title":"Evaluation of a design property network-based change propagation routing approach for mechanical product development","volume":"30","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"737","article-title":"Parallel Change Propagation Model of Complex Product","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2019.06.213","article-title":"Multi-source Design Change Propagation Path Optimization for Complex Product Based on Weighted and Directed Network Model","volume":"55","author":"Yupeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"842","article-title":"Multi-Objective Optimization of Design Change Propagation Paths in Complex Product","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"28","article-title":"Multi-source design change propagation path optimisation based on the multi-view complex network model","volume":"32","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2013.2292856","article-title":"Identification of Clusters and Interfaces for Supporting the Implementation of Change Requests","volume":"61","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Coupling Function Planning & Practical Example Based on Immune Clustering Recognition Approach","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3901\/JME.2012.11.021","article-title":"Comprehensive Dependency Matrix for Heterogeneous Modular Combination Coupling Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mech. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-014-6358-6","article-title":"Analysis of mechanical systems with adaptable functions for the evaluation of functional coupling and component importance","volume":"76","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2131","article-title":"Evaluation Method for Evolution Control of Complex Modular Product Family","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.3795\/KSME-A.2004.28.7.970","article-title":"A Suggestion and a Contribution for the Improvement of Axiomatic Design","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trans. Korean Soc. Mech. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-010-2908-8","article-title":"A remote CAE collaborative design system for complex product based on design resource unit","volume":"53","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1080\/09544828.2013.769207","article-title":"A technique to assess the changeability of complex engineering systems","volume":"24","author":"Koh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-014-0181-9","article-title":"FBS Linkage ontology and technique to support engineering change management","volume":"26","author":"Hamraz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"021101","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4035054","article-title":"Function Module Partition for Complex Products and Systems Based on Weighted and Directed Complex Networks","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12008-010-0107-3","article-title":"Multiple viewpoint modelling framework enabling integrated product\u2013process design","volume":"4","author":"Demoly","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Interact. Des. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4608","DOI":"10.1080\/00207543.2013.879617","article-title":"An integrated module partition approach for complex products and systems based on weighted complex networks","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.123615","article-title":"Study of the grey Verhulst model based on the weighted least square method","volume":"545","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. A Stat. Mech. Its Appl."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400087101","article-title":"The architecture of complex weighted networks","volume":"101","author":"Barrat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.10.009","article-title":"Complex networks: Structure and dynamics","volume":"424","author":"Boccaletti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"081001","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3149847","article-title":"Change Propagation Analysis in Complex Technical Systems","volume":"131","author":"Giffin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mech. Des."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.11.2410","article-title":"Application of the Entropy Weight and TOPSIS Method in Safety Evaluation of Coal Mines","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060414000523","article-title":"Measures of product design adaptability for changing requirements","volume":"28","author":"Uckun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Eng. Des. Anal. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matcom.2019.11.013","article-title":"Robustness on topology reconfiguration of complex networks: An entropic approach","volume":"170","author":"Safaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Math. Comput. Simul."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00110-X","article-title":"The Anatomy of a Large Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine","volume":"30","author":"Brin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comput. Netw. ISDN Syst."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"429","article-title":"Evaluation Method for Node Importance in Directed-Weighted Complex Networks Based on PageRank","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2012.10.007","article-title":"Reprint of: The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine","volume":"56","author":"Brin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Networks"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1423","article-title":"Analysis Model for Impact of Change on Complex Product Design Tasks Based on In-Degree Evolving Rules","volume":"23","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Integr. Manuf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saaty, T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process, McGraw-Hill.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA214804"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Pahl, G., Beitz, W., Feldhusen, J.A., and Grote, K.H. (1963). Engineering Design: A Systematic Approach, Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00163-021-00369-6","article-title":"Modularization for the complex product considering the design change requirements","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, D., Beckmann, G., Eilmus, S., Gebhardt, N., Jonas, H., and Rettberg, R. (2013). Integrated Development of Modular Product Families: A Methods Toolkit. Advances in Product Family and Product Platform Design, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7937-6_10"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2007.893996","article-title":"Toward a Product System Modularity Construct: Literature Review and Reconceptualization","volume":"54","author":"Salvador","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00158-015-1378-x","article-title":"Optimization of excess system capability for increased evolvability","volume":"53","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Struct. Multidiscip. Optim."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.1017\/dsj.2019.7","article-title":"Design margins: A hidden issue in industry","volume":"5","author":"Eckert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Des. Sci."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/2\/368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:18:24Z","timestamp":1760134704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/2\/368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14020368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14020368","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-8994"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,12]]}}}