{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:04:47Z","timestamp":1782471887417,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003444","name":"Beijing University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314000514121010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314000514121010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003444","name":"Beijing University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["047000513201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["047000513201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003444","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Symmetry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current inspection for installation quality of high formwork is conducted by site managers based on personal experience and intuition. This non-systematic inspection is laborious and it is difficult to provide accurate dimension measurements for high formwork. The study proposed a method that uses terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technology to collect the full range measurements of a high formwork and develop a genetic algorithm (GA) optimized artificial neutral network (ANN) model to improve measurement accuracy. First, a small-scale high formwork model set was established in the lab for scanning. Then, the collected multi-scan data were registered in a common reference system, and RGB value and symmetry of the structure were used to extract poles and tubes of the model set, removing all irrelevant data. Third, all the cross points of poles and tubes were generated. Next, the model set positioned on the moving equipment was scanned at different specified locations in order to collect sufficient data to develop an GA-ANN model that can generate accurate estimates of the point coordinates so that the accuracy of the dimension measurements can be achieved at the millimetre level. Validation experiments were conducted both on another model set and a real high formwork. The successful applications suggest that the proposed method is superior to other common techniques for obtaining the required data necessary for accurately measuring the overall structure dimensions, regarding data accuracy, cost and time. The study proposed an effective method for installation quality inspection for high formwork, especially when the inspection cannot be properly operated due to cost factors associated with common inspection methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14020377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T20:58:03Z","timestamp":1644872283000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Installation Quality Inspection for High Formwork Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linlin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Retrofit, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering of China Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1654-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper","family":"Mbachu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Society & Design, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Information Systems, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhansheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huirong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Impact of Buildability Factors on Formwork in Residential Building Construction","volume":"8","author":"Sona","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sagadevan, R., and Rao, B.N. (2019). Experimental and analytical investigation of structural performance of vertical concrete formworks. Asian J. Civ. Eng., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s42107-019-00191-5"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s42107-018-0026-3","article-title":"Automated constructability rating framework for concrete formwork systems using building information modelling","volume":"19","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40069-018-0309-9","article-title":"Assessment of Delay Factors for Structural Frameworks in Free-form Tall Buildings Using the FMEA","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Zhao, Z.G. (2016). The Support System of the High Formwork Construction Techniques and Quality Management, China Architecture & Building Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Xie, N. (2012). Safety Control for the Support System of High Formwork, China Architecture & Building Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cai, X.F., Zhuang, J.P., Zhou, J.Z., and Zheng, Y.Q. (2012). The Support System of Super High Formwork Investigation and Application, China Architecture & Building Press."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"MoHURD (2009). Cuplok Scaffolding Safety Technical Standard, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"MoHURD (2011). Steel Tubular Scaffold with Couplers Safety Technical Standard, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"MoHURD (2021). Disk Lock Steel Tubular Scaffold Safety Technical Standard, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1987","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1987","article-title":"New approach for monitoring historic and heritage buildings: Using terrestrial laser scanning and generalised Procrustes analysis","volume":"24","author":"Jaafar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Zhang, Y., and Tan, X. (2021). Review on Vibration-Based Structural Health Monitoring Techniques and Technical Codes. Symmetry, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym13111998"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"102","article-title":"Monitoring archaeological wooden structures: Non-contact measurements systems and interpretation as average strain fields","volume":"17","author":"Gamstedt","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Cheng, Q., Zhu, Y., Wang, L., and Jin, R. (2020). Feasibility Study of Tractor-Test Vehicle Technique for Practical Structural Condition Assessment of Beam-Like Bridge Deck. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12010114"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2021.108746","article-title":"Fundamental mode shape estimation and element stiffness evaluation of girder bridges by using passing tractor-trailers","volume":"169","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2156","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.2156","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanner assessment of deteriorating concrete structures","volume":"25","author":"Law","year":"2018","journal-title":"Struct. Control Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2013.863808","article-title":"Landslide monitoring using multitemporal terrestrial laser scanning for ground displacement analysis","volume":"6","author":"Barbarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2014.983553","article-title":"Evaluation of the dynamic processes of a landslide with laser scanners and Bayesian methods","volume":"5","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomat. Nat. Hazards Risk"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2007)21:1(29)","article-title":"Formalism for construction inspection planning: Requirements and process concept","volume":"21","author":"Gordon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Comput. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2005.01.008","article-title":"A formalism for utilization of sensor systems and integrated project models for active construction quality control","volume":"15","author":"Akinci","year":"2006","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2006.00466.x","article-title":"A new approach for health monitoring of structures: Terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Nie, Y., Chen, Q., Chen, T., Sun, Z., and Dai, B. (2012, January 24\u201327). Camera and lidar fusion for road intersection detection road intersection detection. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Electrical & Electronics Engineering (EEESYM), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.10.023","article-title":"Building information modeling (BIM) for existing buildings\u2014Literature review and future needs","volume":"38","author":"Volk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/stc.1565","article-title":"Applications of laser scanning to structures in laboratory tests and field surveys","volume":"21","author":"Mosalam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Struct. Control. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2012.00761.x","article-title":"Combining an angle criterion with voxelization and the flying voxel method in reconstructing building models from LiDAR data","volume":"28","author":"Laefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"64","article-title":"Measuring the bowing of marble panels in building facades using terrestrial laser scanning technology","volume":"15","author":"Piironen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inf. Technol. Constr. (ITcon)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2010.06.031","article-title":"Terrestrial laser scanning intensity data applied to damage detection for historical buildings","volume":"37","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s13349-016-0188-1","article-title":"A non-destructive technique for health assessment of fire-damaged concrete elements using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"6","author":"Mukupa","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Civ. Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2015.01.001","article-title":"State of research in automatic as-built modelling","volume":"29","author":"Armeni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.01.005","article-title":"Fully automated registration of 3D data to a 3D CAD model for project progress monitoring","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2017.09.021","article-title":"Point cloud quality requirements for Scan-vs-BIM based automated construction progress monitoring","volume":"84","author":"Rebolj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.08.007","article-title":"3D reconstruction of as-built industrial instrumentation models from laser-scan data and a 3D CAD database based on prior knowledge","volume":"49","author":"Son","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2009.04.001","article-title":"Knowledge based reconstruction of building models from terrestrial laser scanning data","volume":"64","author":"Pu","year":"2009","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"55","article-title":"Automated 3D reconstruction of interiors from point clouds","volume":"8","author":"Budroni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Archit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cag.2015.07.008","article-title":"Automatic reconstruction of parametric building models from indoor point clouds","volume":"54","author":"Ochmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Graph."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.06.003","article-title":"Deviation analysis method for the assessment of the quality of the as-is Building Information Models generated from point cloud data","volume":"35","author":"Anil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.07.010","article-title":"A framework for dimensional and surface quality assessment of precast concrete elements using BIM and 3D laser scanning","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.05.015","article-title":"Automated dimensional quality assessment of precast concrete panels using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2016.04.001","article-title":"Towards generation of as-damaged BIM models using laser-scanning and as-built BIM: First estimate of as-damaged locations of reinforced concrete frame members in masonry infill structures","volume":"30","author":"Sacks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12145","article-title":"Automatic morphologic analysis of quasi-periodic masonry walls from LiDAR","volume":"31","author":"Riveiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2021.108065","article-title":"A new metric for morphologic variability using landform shape classification via supervised machine learning","volume":"399","author":"Brigham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2013.05.009","article-title":"Skeleton-based 3D reconstruction of as-built pipelines from laser-scan data","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.08.011","article-title":"Pipe spool recognition in cluttered point clouds using a curvature-based shape descriptor","volume":"71","author":"Czerniawski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12087","article-title":"Semiautomatic extraction of road horizontal alignment from a mobile LiDAR system","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2020.108291","article-title":"Validation of terrestrial laser scanning and artificial intelligence for measuring deformations of cultural heritage structures","volume":"167","author":"Wojtkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2019.10.003","article-title":"3D laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry for buildings documentation: A hybrid technique towards a better accuracy","volume":"58","author":"Fawzy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alex. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2020.103077","article-title":"Automated dimensional quality assessment for formwork and rebar of reinforced concrete components using 3D point cloud data","volume":"112","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2018.09.026","article-title":"Dimensional accuracy and structural performance assessment of spatial structure components using 3D laser scanning","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/mice.12293","article-title":"Automated Estimation of Reinforced Precast Concrete Rebar Positions Using Colored Laser Scan Data","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput.-Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.03.014","article-title":"Automated quality assessment of precast concrete elements with geometry irregularities using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2009.08.006","article-title":"Automated recognition of 3D CAD model objects in laser scans and calculation of as-built dimensions for dimensional compliance control in construction","volume":"24","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-5845(99)00060-5","article-title":"Automated inspection planning of free-form shape parts by laser scanning","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Robot. Comput.-Integr. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.02.017","article-title":"Methodology for the ovalization monitoring of newly built circular train tunnels based on laser scanning: Liefkenshoek Rail Link (Belgium)","volume":"43","author":"Nuttens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of techniques for terrestrial laser scanning data georeferencing applied to 3-D modelling of cultural heritage","volume":"7","author":"Alba","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1109\/34.121791","article-title":"A method for registration of 3-D shapes","volume":"14","author":"Besl","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Sgrenzaroli, M., and Wolfart, E. (2002, January 1\u20132). Accurate texture-mapped 3D models for documentation, surveying and presentation purposes. Proceedings of the Scanning For Cultural Heritage Recording, Corfu, Greece."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Hebert, M., and Krotkov, E. (1991, January 3\u20135). 3D measurements from imaging laser radars: How good are they?. Proceedings of the IEEE\/RSJ International Workshop on Intelligent Robots and Systems 1991, Osaka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Tuley, J., Vandapel, N., and Hebert, M. (2005, January 18\u201322). Analysis and removal of artifacts in 3-D LADAR data. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Barcelona, Spain."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, P., Huber, D., and Akinci, B. (2007, January 21\u201323). A comparative analysis of depth-discontinuity and mixed-pixel detection algorithms. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on 3-D Digital Imaging and Modeling (3DIM 2007), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DIM.2007.5"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2016.06.004","article-title":"Development of a mixed pixel filter for improved dimension estimation using AMCW laser scanner","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1109\/34.295913","article-title":"Seeded Region Growing","volume":"16","author":"Adams","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Simpson, P.K. (1990). Artificial Neural Systems: Foundations, Paradigms, Applications, and Implementations, Pergamon Pr. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2010.11.005","article-title":"Intelligent process modeling and optimization of die-sinking electric discharge machining","volume":"11","author":"Joshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.08.007","article-title":"Prediction of pile bearing capacity using a hybrid genetic algorithm-based ANN","volume":"57","author":"Momeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-017-0541-y","article-title":"Implementing an ANN model optimized by genetic algorithm for estimating cohesion of limestone samples","volume":"34","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Adeli, H., and Hung, S.L. (1994). Machine Learning: Neural Networks, Genetic Algorithms, and Fuzzy Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2005.06.007","article-title":"Genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimization of cutting parameters in turning processes","volume":"19","author":"Sardinas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-6955(96)00013-2","article-title":"A neural network thrust force controller to minimize delamination during drilling of graphite-epoxy laminates","volume":"36","author":"Stone","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1243\/09544054JEM814","article-title":"Optimization of process parameters of Nd: YAG laser microgrooving of Al2TiO5 ceramic material by response surface methodology and artificial neural network algorithm","volume":"221","author":"Dhupal","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eng. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Z., Tang, P., Kannan, O., and Cho, Y.K. (2013). As-built error modeling for effective 3d laser scanning on construction sites. ASCE International Workshop on Computing in Civil Engineering, ASCE.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784413029.067"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/19401493.2017.1387607","article-title":"Performance testing of energy models: Are we using the right statistical metrics?","volume":"11","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Build. Perform. Simul."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2013.03.026","article-title":"Peak load shifting control using different cold thermal energy storage facilities in commercial buildings: A review","volume":"71","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994018","article-title":"Support-vector networks","volume":"20","author":"Cortes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"281","article-title":"Support vector method for function approximation, regression estimation and signal processing","volume":"9","author":"Vapnik","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Neural Inf. Processing Syst."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"110451","article-title":"High rate GNSS kinematic PPP method performance for monitoring the engineering structures: Shake table tests under different satellite configurations","volume":"189","author":"Akpinar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2021.108570","article-title":"Displacement detection based on Bayesian inference from GNSS kinematic positioning for deformation monitoring","volume":"167","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Processing"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palmer, L., Franke, K., Abraham Martin, R., Sines, B., Rollins, K., and Hedengren, J. (2015, January 17\u201321). Application and Accuracy of Structure from Motion Computer Vision Models with Full-Scale Geotechnical Field Tests. Proceedings of the International Foundations Congress and Equipment Expo 2015 (IFCEE 2015), San Antonio, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784479087.225"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2016.11.011","article-title":"Toward automatic generation of 3D steel structures for building information modelling","volume":"74","author":"Laefer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autom. Constr."}],"container-title":["Symmetry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/2\/377\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:19:15Z","timestamp":1760134755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/14\/2\/377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["sym14020377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/sym14020377","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-8994"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-8994","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]}}}